{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406893134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3535459","title":"Estimating Fractional Vegetation Cover in Topographically Complex Areas From Time Series SAR Images Based on Ensemble Learning Algorithms","display_name":"Estimating Fractional Vegetation Cover in Topographically Complex Areas From Time Series SAR Images Based on Ensemble Learning Algorithms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406893134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3535459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3535459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3535459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3535459","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007807608","display_name":"Lin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2211-2965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2211-2965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101051422","display_name":"Xiaorui Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorui Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1869-1092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065375004","display_name":"Yabo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1649-7525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yabo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1649-7525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369025","display_name":"Ning Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4358-6449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4358-6449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069100708","display_name":"Bo Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-9684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007807608"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.2155,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83335437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"5548","last_page":"5567"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.5984418988227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5619288086891174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.5592317581176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5281358361244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.501976490020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-cover","display_name":"Vegetation cover","score":0.5013833045959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.48709774017333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45018234848976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.448275089263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-model","display_name":"Atmospheric model","score":0.445374071598053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34907299280166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.30907750129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.28822287917137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2265392541885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09577855467796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.09057605266571045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5984418988227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5619288086891174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.5592317581176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5281358361244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.501976490020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983732647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187997","display_name":"Vegetation cover","level":3,"score":0.5013833045959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.48709774017333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45018234848976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.448275089263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.445374071598053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34907299280166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.30907750129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.28822287917137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2265392541885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09577855467796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.09057605266571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3535459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3535459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:081c9773f40046a880c63462f14a1482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/081c9773f40046a880c63462f14a1482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 5548-5567 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3535459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3535459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6099630210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42101386","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966798775","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2032639587","https://openalex.org/W2041309373","https://openalex.org/W2043273487","https://openalex.org/W2048620831","https://openalex.org/W2088597443","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2159621324","https://openalex.org/W2163465613","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2318801075","https://openalex.org/W2518972658","https://openalex.org/W2803633127","https://openalex.org/W2891782712","https://openalex.org/W2923635510","https://openalex.org/W2979688745","https://openalex.org/W2980023239","https://openalex.org/W2988241560","https://openalex.org/W2994271823","https://openalex.org/W3037944168","https://openalex.org/W3133950115","https://openalex.org/W3198250645","https://openalex.org/W3206566335","https://openalex.org/W3213954057","https://openalex.org/W4206085500","https://openalex.org/W4206591205","https://openalex.org/W4210499386","https://openalex.org/W4225644732","https://openalex.org/W4283030270","https://openalex.org/W4283362312","https://openalex.org/W4291910372","https://openalex.org/W4293234892","https://openalex.org/W4312989960","https://openalex.org/W4367624287","https://openalex.org/W4379620359","https://openalex.org/W4380367794","https://openalex.org/W4385525361","https://openalex.org/W4385611839","https://openalex.org/W4387702695","https://openalex.org/W4387802712","https://openalex.org/W4388117092","https://openalex.org/W4388839464","https://openalex.org/W4391454513","https://openalex.org/W4400762160","https://openalex.org/W4402653813","https://openalex.org/W4404480103","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6750729320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077733175","https://openalex.org/W2278064442","https://openalex.org/W1936970554","https://openalex.org/W2361335621","https://openalex.org/W2539549278","https://openalex.org/W2374591366","https://openalex.org/W2381447675","https://openalex.org/W1966239665","https://openalex.org/W2353405738","https://openalex.org/W2736975153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fractional":[0],"vegetation":[1,97],"cover":[2],"(FVC)":[3],"is":[4,67,156,167],"a":[5,16,55,163,234],"key":[6],"parameter":[7],"in":[8,19,242,255],"assessing":[9],"the":[10,46,52,80,113,128,135,159,171,181,249],"condition":[11],"of":[12,51,82,112,132,173,191,215],"surface":[13],"vegetation,":[14],"playing":[15],"significant":[17],"role":[18],"maintaining":[20],"ecosystem":[21],"health":[22],"and":[23,48,74,92,101,130,141,162,246],"preventing":[24],"natural":[25],"disasters.":[26],"Recently,":[27],"optical":[28],"remote":[29],"sensing":[30],"data":[31],"have":[32],"been":[33],"widely":[34],"utilized":[35],"for":[36,57,123,237],"FVC":[37,59,83,124,133,240,254],"estimation.":[38,84,125],"However,":[39],"its":[40,153],"sensitivity":[41,95],"to":[42,78,96,169,251],"weather":[43],"conditions":[44],"limits":[45],"spatial":[47],"temporal":[49],"continuity":[50],"data.":[53],"Therefore,":[54],"method":[56,236],"estimating":[58],"based":[60],"on":[61],"synthetic":[62],"aperture":[63],"radar":[64],"(SAR)":[65],"images":[66],"proposed,":[68],"which":[69],"incorporates":[70],"SAR":[71,90,114,119,174],"feature":[72],"optimization":[73],"ensemble":[75,137,186],"learning":[76,138,187],"models":[77,139,188],"improve":[79],"accuracy":[81,129],"The":[85,148,176],"proposed":[86],"approach":[87],"extracts":[88],"twenty-five":[89],"features":[91,120,216],"assesses":[93],"their":[94],"through":[98],"Pearson,":[99],"Spearman,":[100],"Kendall":[102],"correlation":[103],"analyses,":[104],"as":[105,107,158],"well":[106],"time":[108,238],"series":[109,239],"trend":[110],"analysis":[111],"features.":[115],"Ultimately,":[116],"sixteen":[117],"representative":[118],"are":[121,143],"selected":[122,157],"To":[126],"enhance":[127],"robustness":[131],"estimation,":[134],"strong":[136],"Ada-Xgboost":[140,182],"Ada-Catboost":[142],"constructed":[144],"using":[145],"majority":[146],"voting.":[147],"Dongting":[149],"Lake":[150],"area,":[151,161],"with":[152],"complex":[154,244],"terrain,":[155],"study":[160,232],"layover":[164],"removal":[165],"step":[166],"introduced":[168],"optimize":[170],"quality":[172],"images.":[175],"validation":[177],"results":[178],"show":[179],"that":[180],"model":[183],"outperforms":[184],"other":[185,256],"(Ada-Xgboost:":[189],"coefficient":[190],"determination":[192],"(R<sup":[193],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[194],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>)":[195],"=":[196,202,207,212,217,221,225,229],"0.8950,":[197],"root":[198],"mean":[199,204,209],"square":[200,205],"error":[201,206,211],"0.1187,":[203],"0.0141,":[208],"absolute":[210],"0.0952,":[213],"number":[214],"9,":[218],"standard":[219],"deviation":[220],"0.0352,":[222],"interval":[223],"width":[224],"0.1380,":[226],"coverage":[227],"probability":[228],"29.73%).":[230],"This":[231],"provides":[233],"reliable":[235],"estimation":[241],"topographically":[243],"areas":[245],"also":[247],"has":[248],"potential":[250],"accurately":[252],"estimate":[253],"terrains.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}