{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405934632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3524379","title":"MSF-GhostNet: Computationally Efficient YOLO for Detecting Drones in Low-Light Conditions","display_name":"MSF-GhostNet: Computationally Efficient YOLO for Detecting Drones in Low-Light Conditions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405934632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3524379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3524379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3524379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3524379","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006735751","display_name":"Maham Misbah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6277-9974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maham Misbah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061296142","display_name":"Misha Urooj Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5852-0469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192891849","display_name":"University of Wah","ror":"https://ror.org/020we4134","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192891849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Misha Urooj Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, Rawalpindi, Pakistan","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, Rawalpindi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192891849","https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005385487","display_name":"Zeeshan Kaleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-0443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Kaleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum &amp; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum &amp; Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073876438","display_name":"Ali H. Muqaibel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-1987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Muqaibel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department and Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Electrical Engineering Department and Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department and Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department and Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032196649","display_name":"Muhammad Zeshan Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-8248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhamad Zeshan Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton NB, Canada","Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103242673","display_name":"Ran Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-4645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060020877","display_name":"Chau Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006735751"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.8598,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92354255,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"3840","last_page":"3851"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6594231128692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.6265814900398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40089482069015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.397967666387558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6594231128692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.6265814900398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40089482069015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.397967666387558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3524379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3524379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/201864","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/201864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a83ed012c1af44af8c8434c4288c0ce5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a83ed012c1af44af8c8434c4288c0ce5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 3840-3851 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3524379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3524379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2800229517","https://openalex.org/W2909294258","https://openalex.org/W2963407762","https://openalex.org/W3035414587","https://openalex.org/W3042973333","https://openalex.org/W3094147817","https://openalex.org/W3206023204","https://openalex.org/W4220967990","https://openalex.org/W4280535307","https://openalex.org/W4285588022","https://openalex.org/W4288066761","https://openalex.org/W4294686815","https://openalex.org/W4303627770","https://openalex.org/W4308084022","https://openalex.org/W4308233802","https://openalex.org/W4308824936","https://openalex.org/W4309729319","https://openalex.org/W4310009562","https://openalex.org/W4311954163","https://openalex.org/W4327663511","https://openalex.org/W4362709387","https://openalex.org/W4379115377","https://openalex.org/W4379165329","https://openalex.org/W4383535210","https://openalex.org/W4385805101","https://openalex.org/W4386303392","https://openalex.org/W4387491074","https://openalex.org/W4388110893","https://openalex.org/W4389352554","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4391021462","https://openalex.org/W4392852511","https://openalex.org/W4392902290","https://openalex.org/W6757817989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Uncrewed":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"are":[4],"popular":[5],"in":[6,27,78,108,218],"various":[7],"applications":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,24,45,64,75,103,120,158],"their":[11,54,69],"mobility,":[12],"size,":[13],"and":[14,52,100,111,126,134,154,163,188,193,196,200,205],"user-friendliness.":[15],"However,":[16],"identifying":[17],"malicious":[18],"UAVs":[19,36,61],"presents":[20],"challenges":[21,33],"that":[22],"need":[23],"be":[25],"encountered":[26],"general":[28],"image-based":[29],"object":[30],"detection.":[31],"These":[32],"arise":[34],"because":[35],"can":[37,73],"fly":[38],"at":[39],"different":[40],"altitudes,":[41],"making":[42],"it":[43],"challenging":[44],"distinguish":[46],"them":[47],"from":[48],"other":[49,214],"flying":[50,128,148],"objects":[51],"identify":[53],"size.":[55],"In":[56],"addition,":[57],"the":[58,65,105,109,122,140,175,219],"speed":[59],"of":[60,67,124,142],"also":[62,114,151,211],"adds":[63],"difficulty":[66],"capturing":[68],"clear":[70],"images,":[71],"which":[72],"lead":[74],"blurring,":[76],"particularly":[77],"complex":[79],"backgrounds.":[80],"To":[81],"address":[82],"these":[83],"challenges,":[84],"we":[85],"present":[86],"an":[87],"improved":[88],"YOLOv5":[89],"architecture":[90],"named":[91],"multiscale":[92,125],"feature":[93,117],"map":[94,118],"GhostNet":[95],"(MSF-GhostNet)":[96],"by":[97,203],"introducing":[98],"GhostConv":[99],"C3Ghost":[101],"modules":[102],"reduce":[104],"redundant":[106],"operations":[107],"head":[110],"neck.":[112],"We":[113,150],"proposed":[115,167,180,209],"three":[116],"combinations":[119],"evaluate":[121],"performance":[123],"multitarget":[127],"objects,":[129],"including":[130],"drones,":[131],"birds,":[132],"planes,":[133],"helicopters.":[135],"This":[136],"approach":[137],"significantly":[138],"reduces":[139],"waste":[141],"computing":[143],"resources":[144],"when":[145],"detecting":[146],"small-sized":[147],"objects.":[149],"integrated":[152],"autoanchor":[153],"batch":[155],"size":[156,202],"mechanisms":[157],"ensure":[159],"efficient":[160],"model":[161,168,198,201],"training":[162],"avoid":[164],"overfitting.":[165],"Our":[166],"showed":[169],"1.25%":[170],"fewer":[171],"false":[172],"positives":[173],"than":[174],"state-of-the-art":[176,215],"GhostNet-YOLOv5":[177,183],"model.":[178],"The":[179,208],"MSF-GhostNet":[181],"outperformed":[182,212],"with":[184],"higher":[185],"precision,":[186],"recall,":[187],"F1":[189],"scores":[190],"(1.3%,":[191],"5.3%,":[192],"3.7%,":[194],"respectively)":[195],"reduced":[197],"parameters":[199],"3.1%":[204],"4.1%,":[206],"respectively.":[207],"solution":[210],"several":[213],"algorithms":[216],"exists":[217],"literature.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
