{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403918770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3488698","title":"MSFFNet: A Multilevel Sparse Feature Fusion Network for Infrared Dim Small Target Detection","display_name":"MSFFNet: A Multilevel Sparse Feature Fusion Network for Infrared Dim Small Target Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403918770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3488698"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3488698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3488698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3488698","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073568477","display_name":"Xiangyang Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2116-9545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156804","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/056swr059","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical 3-D Printing Center of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","Medical 3D Printing Center of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2116-9545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical 3-D Printing Center of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical 3D Printing Center of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045912253","display_name":"Boyang Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8864-5884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156804","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/056swr059","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyang Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Clinical Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","Medical 3D Printing Center of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8864-5884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Clinical Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical 3D Printing Center of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016112252","display_name":"Zhenming Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-3331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenming Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Imaging Detection and Intelligent Perception, School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","Laboratory of Imaging Detection and Intelligent Perception, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Univer-sity of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-3331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Imaging Detection and Intelligent Perception, School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Imaging Detection and Intelligent Perception, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Univer-sity of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025433962","display_name":"Renke Kou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5893-3127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183006215","display_name":"Shijiazhuang University","ror":"https://ror.org/028rmam09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183006215"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renke Kou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shijiazhuang Campus, Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5893-3127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shijiazhuang Campus, Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363","https://openalex.org/I183006215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395978","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1328-5784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1328-5784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100626912","display_name":"Mingyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-6160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156804","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/056swr059","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Internet Medical Systems and Applications, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-6160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Internet Medical Systems and Applications, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":12.655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98135955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"147","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9394000172615051,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5752785801887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5445681810379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5389242172241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5199026465415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.5104069113731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46310609579086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.44131016731262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4181712865829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15484619140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13286006450653076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5752785801887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5445681810379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5389242172241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5199026465415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.5104069113731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46310609579086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.44131016731262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4181712865829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15484619140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13286006450653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3488698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3488698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bb4399455b624a1e92e622cd7e6fedd2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bb4399455b624a1e92e622cd7e6fedd2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 147-159 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3488698","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3488698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1959639559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102368","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7482798076","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W2010875673","https://openalex.org/W2035159765","https://openalex.org/W2067173181","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2344666353","https://openalex.org/W2399426379","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2476118598","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2780677785","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2799166040","https://openalex.org/W2900678331","https://openalex.org/W2900684139","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W3001427728","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3039072276","https://openalex.org/W3048644861","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3124866053","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3180447501","https://openalex.org/W3184207190","https://openalex.org/W3198176126","https://openalex.org/W3210586215","https://openalex.org/W4206367471","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4283690475","https://openalex.org/W4288064706","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4312674029","https://openalex.org/W4318192386","https://openalex.org/W4382401167","https://openalex.org/W4386634626","https://openalex.org/W4388739160","https://openalex.org/W4394698960","https://openalex.org/W4396680469","https://openalex.org/W4396753391","https://openalex.org/W4403738039","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6871494183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2374614594","https://openalex.org/W2391549584","https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W2099421762","https://openalex.org/W2362091980","https://openalex.org/W2530546662","https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W2152662039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"sparse":[1,29,41,62,95,118,150],"characteristics":[2],"of":[3,48,81,86,129],"target":[4,46,58,87,151],"features":[5,47,67,89],"poses":[6],"significant":[7],"challenges":[8],"when":[9],"using":[10],"deep":[11,105],"learning":[12],"methods":[13,148],"for":[14,33],"infrared":[15,35,139],"dim":[16,36,140],"small":[17,37,57,141],"targets.":[18,38],"To":[19,76],"tackle":[20],"this":[21,23],"issue,":[22],"article":[24],"proposes":[25],"a":[26,104],"novel":[27],"multilevel":[28,117],"feature":[30,42,63,79,96,119,127],"fusion":[31,43,64,97,120],"network":[32,44,65,101],"detecting":[34],"A":[39,60],"feature-level":[40],"fuses":[45,66],"the":[49,78,82,93,100,116,126,130,134,137],"same":[50],"level":[51],"and":[52,114],"different":[53,69,84],"depths":[54],"to":[55,72,112,123,133],"express":[56],"features.":[59,152],"decision-level":[61,94],"from":[68],"decision":[70,74],"spaces":[71],"improve":[73],"confidence.":[75],"enrich":[77],"representation":[80,128],"target,":[83],"levels":[85],"global":[88],"are":[90],"introduced":[91],"into":[92],"network.":[98],"During":[99],"training":[102,108],"process,":[103],"joint":[106],"supervision":[107],"strategy":[109],"is":[110],"proposed":[111,138],"supervise":[113],"train":[115],"network,":[121],"aiming":[122],"fully":[124],"learn":[125],"target.":[131],"According":[132],"experimental":[135],"results,":[136],"targets":[142],"detection":[143],"method":[144],"outperforms":[145],"existing":[146],"popular":[147],"under":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
