{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403722659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3485734","title":"Hierarchical Sampling Representation Detector for Ship Detection in SAR Images","display_name":"Hierarchical Sampling Representation Detector for Ship Detection in SAR Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403722659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3485734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3485734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3485734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3485734","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058043055","display_name":"Ming Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7302-652X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7302-652X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055113800","display_name":"Shenghua Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenghua Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064127416","display_name":"Jiu Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiu Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6776-2152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749866","display_name":"Chu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3662-5769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3662-5769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058043055"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26352857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"19530","last_page":"19547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.8910999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.8910999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.8759999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.8008999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6759985685348511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6512526273727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6496992707252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5617872476577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5311369299888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5251940488815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.499469518661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44576796889305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.433952659368515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.42573511600494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4231474697589874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4100877642631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15299975872039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12716901302337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.12428897619247437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6759985685348511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6512526273727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6496992707252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5617872476577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5311369299888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5251940488815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.499469518661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44576796889305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.433952659368515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.42573511600494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4231474697589874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4100877642631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15299975872039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12716901302337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.12428897619247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3485734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3485734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ea564427f4c453ca545e26e9cdd596d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ea564427f4c453ca545e26e9cdd596d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 17, Pp 19530-19547 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3485734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3485734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6187398417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41371342","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1602107991","https://openalex.org/W1832500336","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2000358470","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2059104491","https://openalex.org/W2090991102","https://openalex.org/W2113891352","https://openalex.org/W2121928666","https://openalex.org/W2134392507","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2151983721","https://openalex.org/W2158347164","https://openalex.org/W2165160669","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2291663052","https://openalex.org/W2291936777","https://openalex.org/W2328148566","https://openalex.org/W2465660745","https://openalex.org/W2548712274","https://openalex.org/W2588505606","https://openalex.org/W2604847904","https://openalex.org/W2632026579","https://openalex.org/W2762294195","https://openalex.org/W2765879893","https://openalex.org/W2771241984","https://openalex.org/W2774244034","https://openalex.org/W2775390382","https://openalex.org/W2789356183","https://openalex.org/W2799646862","https://openalex.org/W2809395972","https://openalex.org/W2884283253","https://openalex.org/W2891190453","https://openalex.org/W2892123021","https://openalex.org/W2895800424","https://openalex.org/W2901946557","https://openalex.org/W2913527107","https://openalex.org/W2914076256","https://openalex.org/W2921464646","https://openalex.org/W2954810341","https://openalex.org/W2955454611","https://openalex.org/W2961699889","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W2989451156","https://openalex.org/W2991363140","https://openalex.org/W3012991496","https://openalex.org/W3018998681","https://openalex.org/W3032837604","https://openalex.org/W3033996275","https://openalex.org/W3036035228","https://openalex.org/W3038948729","https://openalex.org/W3041525128","https://openalex.org/W3101684954","https://openalex.org/W3108849448","https://openalex.org/W3109055651","https://openalex.org/W3120884061","https://openalex.org/W3136761610","https://openalex.org/W3170033848","https://openalex.org/W3173658130","https://openalex.org/W3174873843","https://openalex.org/W3195769585","https://openalex.org/W3205466597","https://openalex.org/W3216118548","https://openalex.org/W3216412612","https://openalex.org/W4205580335","https://openalex.org/W4213156196","https://openalex.org/W4214648418","https://openalex.org/W4221056724","https://openalex.org/W4285820980","https://openalex.org/W4312804579","https://openalex.org/W4313886592","https://openalex.org/W4319586882","https://openalex.org/W4401819987","https://openalex.org/W4402258962","https://openalex.org/W4404090460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996630340","https://openalex.org/W2540450177","https://openalex.org/W2170580735","https://openalex.org/W1552305638","https://openalex.org/W2112228652","https://openalex.org/W2613451563","https://openalex.org/W2545123933","https://openalex.org/W1994788526","https://openalex.org/W2011609146","https://openalex.org/W2547107543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0],"detection":[1,52,176],"achieves":[2],"great":[3],"significance":[4],"in":[5,19,65,70,130],"remote":[6],"sensing":[7],"of":[8,30,47,86,122,138,159,182],"synthetic":[9],"aperture":[10],"radar":[11],"(SAR)":[12],"and":[13,45,105,134,156],"many":[14],"efforts":[15],"have":[16],"been":[17],"done":[18],"recent":[20],"years.":[21],"However,":[22],"distinguishing":[23],"ship":[24,48,175],"targets":[25],"precisely":[26],"from":[27],"the":[28,42,63,83,102,107,119,136,150,179],"interference":[29],"multiplicative":[31,74],"non-Gaussian":[32,75],"coherent":[33,76],"speckle":[34],"is":[35,59,94,146],"still":[36],"a":[37,89,97,114,141],"challenging":[38],"task":[39],"due":[40],"to":[41,61,100,117,132,148],"discreteness,":[43],"variability,":[44],"nonlinearity":[46],"scattering":[49,127],"features.":[50],"A":[51],"framework":[53],"based":[54],"on":[55,169],"hierarchical":[56],"sampling":[57],"representation":[58,116],"introduced":[60],"alleviate":[62],"phenomenon":[64],"this":[66],"article.":[67],"First,":[68],"ships":[69,123],"SAR":[71,154],"images":[72],"exhibit":[73],"speckle,":[77],"which":[78,162],"introduces":[79],"nonlinear":[80,103],"characteristics":[81],"under":[82],"imaging":[84],"mechanism":[85,155],"SAR.":[87],"Therefore,":[88],"statistical":[90],"feature":[91,108],"learning":[92],"module":[93,145],"proposed":[95],"with":[96,153],"learnable":[98],"design":[99],"describe":[101],"representations":[104],"expand":[106],"space.":[109],"Second,":[110],"our":[111,183],"method":[112],"designs":[113],"convex-hull":[115,139],"fit":[118],"irregular":[120],"contours":[121],"represented":[124],"by":[125],"strong":[126],"points.":[128],"Third,":[129],"order":[131],"supervise":[133],"optimize":[135],"regression":[137],"representation,":[140],"sparse":[142],"low-rank":[143],"reassignment":[144],"employed":[147],"evaluate":[149],"positive":[151],"samples":[152],"reassign":[157],"ones":[158],"high":[160],"quality,":[161],"produces":[163],"better":[164],"results.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"experimental":[167],"results":[168],"three":[170],"authoritative":[171],"SAR-oriented":[172],"datasets":[173],"for":[174],"application":[177],"present":[178],"comprehensive":[180],"performance":[181],"method.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
