{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403295451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3478069","title":"A Maximum Entropy Based Outlier Removal for Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds","display_name":"A Maximum Entropy Based Outlier Removal for Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403295451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3478069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3478069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3478069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3478069","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100765362","display_name":"Ge Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-5444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ge Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010635267","display_name":"Derek D. Lichti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7038-073X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek D. Lichti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023622036","display_name":"Tiangang Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-6004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiangang Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070456429","display_name":"Wai Yeung Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7813-1666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wai Yeung Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100765362"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.4118,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58816482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"19130","last_page":"19145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8349705934524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5875003337860107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.578859269618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.5204522609710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-maximum-entropy","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","score":0.4482290744781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4422608017921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4293464422225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3879772126674652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21568787097930908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21271508932113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11417567729949951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8349705934524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5875003337860107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.578859269618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.5204522609710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.4482290744781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4422608017921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4293464422225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3879772126674652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21568787097930908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21271508932113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11417567729949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3478069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3478069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/110245","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/110245","pdf_url":"http://ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk/bitstream/10397/110245/1/Jiang_Maximum_Entropy_Based.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0e1366084bd14d1a902ededfe83bae8f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0e1366084bd14d1a902ededfe83bae8f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 17, Pp 19130-19145 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3478069","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3478069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979596373","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1998926007","https://openalex.org/W2018490621","https://openalex.org/W2044593983","https://openalex.org/W2156877751","https://openalex.org/W2807313419","https://openalex.org/W2893590794","https://openalex.org/W2906788812","https://openalex.org/W2942706487","https://openalex.org/W2948064817","https://openalex.org/W2969723782","https://openalex.org/W2976081675","https://openalex.org/W2995932445","https://openalex.org/W2999042965","https://openalex.org/W3011629730","https://openalex.org/W3015248322","https://openalex.org/W3031288689","https://openalex.org/W3039448353","https://openalex.org/W3040815894","https://openalex.org/W3080487273","https://openalex.org/W3095663940","https://openalex.org/W3096943564","https://openalex.org/W3107378443","https://openalex.org/W3112606245","https://openalex.org/W3121749275","https://openalex.org/W3170149466","https://openalex.org/W3175246101","https://openalex.org/W3182374158","https://openalex.org/W3214155755","https://openalex.org/W4205438261","https://openalex.org/W4221143972","https://openalex.org/W4289823739","https://openalex.org/W4313471324","https://openalex.org/W4383113409","https://openalex.org/W6739778489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W3041490575","https://openalex.org/W2970690932","https://openalex.org/W2110715801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Airborne":[0],"light":[1],"detection":[2],"and":[3,33,72,82,148,185,188,193,239,243,251,260],"ranging":[4],"(LiDAR)":[5],"data":[6,196],"often":[7],"suffer":[8],"from":[9],"noisy":[10,84,105,183,191,215,241],"returns":[11],"hovering":[12],"in":[13,253],"empty":[14],"space":[15],"within":[16],"the":[17,56,91,95,110,134,149,160,172,178,205],"collected":[18],"3-D":[19],"point":[20,62,92,130,173,216],"clouds.":[21,93,131],"This":[22],"can":[23],"be":[24],"attributed":[25],"to":[26,78,90,109,165,181,203],"system-induced":[27],"factors,":[28],"such":[29,41],"as":[30,42],"timing":[31],"jitter":[32],"range":[34],"walk":[35],"error,":[36],"or":[37,112],"instantaneous":[38],"air":[39],"conditions,":[40],"smoke,":[43],"rain,":[44],"clouds,":[45,174],"etc.":[46],"These":[47],"floating":[48],"points":[49,106,184,192,242],"are":[50,66,75],"indeed":[51],"outliers,":[52],"which":[53],"significantly":[54,229],"affect":[55],"subsequent":[57,150],"analytical":[58],"processes.":[59],"Though":[60],"various":[61],"cloud":[63],"denoising":[64,233],"methods":[65,99,218,234],"proposed":[67,135,209],"based":[68,122],"on":[69,113,219],"sparsity":[70],"assumption":[71],"elevation,":[73],"they":[74],"highly":[76],"unlikely":[77],"remove":[79,190],"both":[80],"clustered":[81,238],"scattered":[83,240],"points,":[85,187],"especially":[86],"those":[87],"located":[88],"close":[89,108],"Meanwhile,":[94],"performance":[96,206],"of":[97,207,255],"existing":[98,214],"does":[100],"not":[101],"perform":[102],"well":[103],"when":[104],"appear":[107],"ground":[111],"rugged":[114],"terrain.":[115],"Accordingly,":[116],"we":[117],"propose":[118],"a":[119],"maximum":[120],"entropy":[121],"outlier":[123,144,153],"removal":[124,145,154,217],"(MEOR)":[125],"method":[126,136],"for":[127,171,177],"airborne":[128],"LiDAR":[129,221],"More":[132],"specifically,":[133],"includes":[137],"two":[138],"stages,":[139],"i.e.,":[140],"one":[141],"global":[142],"coarse":[143],"stage":[146,155],"(MEOR-G)":[147],"local":[151],"refined":[152],"(MEOR-L).":[156],"In":[157],"each":[158],"stage,":[159],"MEOR":[161,210,228],"algorithm":[162],"is":[163],"exploited":[164],"1)":[166],"produce":[167],"an":[168,245],"elevation":[169,179],"histogram":[170],"2)":[175],"search":[176],"threshold":[180],"distinguish":[182],"valid":[186,195],"3)":[189],"preserve":[194],"points.":[197],"We":[198],"conduct":[199],"several":[200],"comprehensive":[201],"experiments":[202],"compare":[204],"our":[208],"against":[211],"four":[212,220,231],"other":[213,232],"datasets.":[222],"The":[223],"experimental":[224],"results":[225],"demonstrate":[226],"that":[227],"outperforms":[230],"by":[235,247],"simultaneously":[236],"removing":[237],"achieves":[244],"improvement":[246],"0.126\u201399.815%,":[248],"0\u2013100%,":[249],"0.001\u20138.454%,":[250],"0.053\u201399.691%":[252],"terms":[254],"recall,":[256],"precision,":[257],"overall":[258],"accuracy,":[259],"F1":[261],"score,":[262],"respectively.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
