{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402041067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3452321","title":"Neural Networks Integer Computation: Quantizing Convolutional Neural Networks of Inference and Training for Object Detection in Embedded Systems","display_name":"Neural Networks Integer Computation: Quantizing Convolutional Neural Networks of Inference and Training for Object Detection in Embedded Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402041067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3452321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3452321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3452321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3452321","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036618603","display_name":"Penghao Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9365-1361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Penghao Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9365-1361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673406","display_name":"Chunjie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1161-8995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunjie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000622559","display_name":"Qian Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-0519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-0519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101453999","display_name":"Xiayang Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-7124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiayang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-7124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405762","display_name":"Haipeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1912-7143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1912-7143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":4.1677,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94741407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"15862","last_page":"15884"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.890999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.890999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7901365160942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6710382699966431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6467820405960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.636824369430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5981208086013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5733667612075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5257918834686279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","score":0.5158900022506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4828491806983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4476640224456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.247736394405365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7901365160942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6710382699966431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6467820405960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.636824369430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5981208086013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5733667612075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5257918834686279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5158900022506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4828491806983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4476640224456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.247736394405365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3452321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3452321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e8c0dc7c79694deda14b698e32e83ae5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e8c0dc7c79694deda14b698e32e83ae5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 17, Pp 15862-15884 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3452321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3452321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1141843270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271153","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7488020231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22ZR1406700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309612","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309612","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2803549871","https://openalex.org/W2962851801","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963223345","https://openalex.org/W2965380306","https://openalex.org/W3012162230","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3101684954","https://openalex.org/W3107893198","https://openalex.org/W3109212549","https://openalex.org/W3128120039","https://openalex.org/W3135074210","https://openalex.org/W3137147200","https://openalex.org/W3173567919","https://openalex.org/W4226186173","https://openalex.org/W4312567718","https://openalex.org/W4312739039","https://openalex.org/W4361855179","https://openalex.org/W4377107319","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6617368339","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6638839971","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6690026940","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6720242923","https://openalex.org/W6730047919","https://openalex.org/W6737478172","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6753069482","https://openalex.org/W6759236802","https://openalex.org/W6760069825","https://openalex.org/W6776320331","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6781550413","https://openalex.org/W6782312781","https://openalex.org/W6789240164","https://openalex.org/W6795991173","https://openalex.org/W6796815506","https://openalex.org/W6798838024","https://openalex.org/W6810281471"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W4231775656","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W2046435967","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2963690996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1,82],"networks":[2,83,126,131,243],"(DNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"evolved":[5],"to":[6,23,52,59,68,74,103,149,229,286,307],"be":[7],"the":[8,105,120,168,178,206,210,217,231,257],"state-of-the-art":[9],"technique":[10],"for":[11,79,172],"machine":[12],"learning":[13],"tasks.":[14],"However,":[15,181],"their":[16],"high":[17],"computational":[18],"demands":[19],"make":[20],"them":[21],"difficult":[22],"deploy":[24],"on":[25,244],"embedded":[26,37],"devices":[27],"with":[28,41,127,132,213],"limited":[29],"hardware":[30],"resources":[31],"and":[32,65,77,110,113,219,226,247,261,273,295,300,316],"strict":[33],"power":[34],"budgets.":[35],"Most":[36],"systems":[38],"perform":[39,150],"better":[40],"8-bit":[42,49,63],"data":[43],"processing,":[44],"prompting":[45],"extensive":[46],"research":[47],"into":[48],"network":[50],"quantization":[51,94,121,142,155,179],"enable":[53],"faster":[54],"inference.":[55],"This":[56,116,203],"article":[57,87,136,189],"aims":[58],"propose":[60],"a":[61,89,138],"unified":[62,90],"inference":[64],"training":[66,164,198],"framework":[67],"support":[69],"object":[70],"detection":[71],"tasks,":[72],"striving":[73],"balance":[75],"accuracy":[76],"speed":[78],"conventional":[80],"convolutional":[81],"(CNNs).":[84],"Initially,":[85],"this":[86,135,188,237],"establishes":[88],"full":[91],"int8":[92],"posttraining":[93,141],"(PTQ)":[95],"method":[96,117,144,204],"using":[97],"KL<inline-formula":[98],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[99,195,200,263,288,292,297,309,313,318],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[100,196,201,264,289,293,298,310,314,319],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\_$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[101],"divergence":[102],"evaluate":[104],"range":[106],"of":[107,175,216,241,270,305],"parameter":[108],"distributions":[109],"thresholds":[111],"before":[112],"after":[114],"quantization.":[115,235],"effectively":[118],"addresses":[119],"issues":[122],"commonly":[123],"found":[124],"in":[125,209],"linear":[128],"activations.":[129],"For":[130],"nonlinear":[133,159],"activations,":[134],"introduces":[137],"hybrid":[139,147],"precision":[140,148],"(H-PTQ)":[143],"that":[145,256],"utilizes":[146],"forward":[151,225],"inference,":[152],"thereby":[153],"mitigating":[154],"errors":[156,232],"caused":[157],"by":[158,234,284],"activation":[160],"functions.":[161],"Furthermore,":[162],"quantization-aware":[163],"(QAT)":[165],"typically":[166],"employs":[167],"straightthrough":[169],"estimator":[170],"(STE)":[171],"backward":[173,227],"propagation":[174,228],"gradients":[176],"through":[177],"function.":[180],"since":[182],"STE":[183],"is":[184],"an":[185,191],"approximate":[186],"computation,":[187],"proposes":[190],"alternative":[192],"called":[193],"<inline-formula":[194,262],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\alpha$</tex-math></inline-formula>-quantization-aware":[197],"(<inline-formula":[199],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\alpha$</tex-math></inline-formula>-QAT).":[202],"replaces":[205],"quantized":[207,218,242],"weights":[208],"loss":[211],"function":[212],"affine":[214],"combinations":[215],"full-precision":[220],"weights,":[221],"enabling":[222],"more":[223],"precise":[224],"fine-tune":[230],"introduced":[233],"Finally,":[236],"paper":[238],"conducted":[239],"evaluations":[240],"ARM":[245],"platforms":[246],"performed":[248],"experiments":[249],"across":[250],"multiple":[251],"datasets.":[252],"The":[253],"results":[254],"indicate":[255],"proposed":[258],"PTQ,":[259],"H-PTQ,":[260],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\alpha$</tex-math></inline-formula>-QAT":[265],"methods":[266,279],"achieved":[267,301],"maximum":[268],"accelerations":[269],"4\u00d7,":[271],"2.3\u00d7,":[272],"3.9\u00d7,":[274],"respectively.":[275],"In":[276],"addition,":[277],"these":[278],"significantly":[280],"reduced":[281],"memory":[282],"overhead":[283],"up":[285,306],"57.11<inline-formula":[287],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[290,294,299,311,315],"43.16<inline-formula":[291],"91.94<inline-formula":[296],"model":[302],"compression":[303],"rates":[304],"51.52<inline-formula":[308],"48.48<inline-formula":[312],"49.70<inline-formula":[317],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
