{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392187922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3370632","title":"PCCN-MSS: Parallel Convolutional Classification Network Combined Multi-Spatial Scale and Spectral Features for UAV-Borne Hyperspectral With High Spatial Resolution Imagery","display_name":"PCCN-MSS: Parallel Convolutional Classification Network Combined Multi-Spatial Scale and Spectral Features for UAV-Borne Hyperspectral With High Spatial Resolution Imagery","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392187922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3370632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3370632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3370632","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10448531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10448531.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084197771","display_name":"Linhuan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7723-478X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138629","display_name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrxdp92","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linhuan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100776750","display_name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-7112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138629","display_name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrxdp92","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088342796","display_name":"Bo\u2010Hui Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1918-5346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138629","display_name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrxdp92","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Hui Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China","State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109686266","display_name":"Lehao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4239-2088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138629","display_name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrxdp92","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lehao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114585309","display_name":"Bingru Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5721-1996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10660446","display_name":"Kunming University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xyeez13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138629","display_name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrxdp92","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingru Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084197771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10660446","https://openalex.org/I4210138629"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":1.9188,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86744544,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"6529","last_page":"6543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8940744996070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7032949924468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6763652563095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6402976512908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6285737752914429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.5633211731910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5119506120681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4887213706970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.46091535687446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42481252551078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3424684405326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11018294095993042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8940744996070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7032949924468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6763652563095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6402976512908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6285737752914429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5633211731910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5119506120681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4887213706970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.46091535687446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42481252551078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3424684405326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11018294095993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3370632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3370632","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10448531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dd43f3c17ee442789946a528686948c3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dd43f3c17ee442789946a528686948c3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 17, Pp 6529-6543 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2024.3370632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3370632","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10448531.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5760752404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Projects","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6270083637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42230109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392187922.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392187922.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971637299","https://openalex.org/W1987552279","https://openalex.org/W2027096796","https://openalex.org/W2056658020","https://openalex.org/W2157446241","https://openalex.org/W2171858547","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2592312604","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2763731268","https://openalex.org/W2904698365","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2940678725","https://openalex.org/W2942170965","https://openalex.org/W2955111813","https://openalex.org/W2970043552","https://openalex.org/W2971432438","https://openalex.org/W2974066798","https://openalex.org/W2977002487","https://openalex.org/W3024007459","https://openalex.org/W3049655825","https://openalex.org/W3107591966","https://openalex.org/W3114720220","https://openalex.org/W3115107254","https://openalex.org/W3120948300","https://openalex.org/W3132524115","https://openalex.org/W3137839916","https://openalex.org/W3147313164","https://openalex.org/W3171853541","https://openalex.org/W3183898570","https://openalex.org/W3185270142","https://openalex.org/W3213181250","https://openalex.org/W4206192046","https://openalex.org/W4210541032","https://openalex.org/W4226070402","https://openalex.org/W4285266400","https://openalex.org/W4285308101","https://openalex.org/W4288059649","https://openalex.org/W4293234371","https://openalex.org/W4312453611","https://openalex.org/W4313461469","https://openalex.org/W4313558738","https://openalex.org/W4368232741","https://openalex.org/W4377101066","https://openalex.org/W4385627268","https://openalex.org/W4387415351","https://openalex.org/W4387886101","https://openalex.org/W4391450838"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076134148","https://openalex.org/W2317401237","https://openalex.org/W1990800631","https://openalex.org/W2167120702","https://openalex.org/W2579567122","https://openalex.org/W2614621130","https://openalex.org/W2547665164","https://openalex.org/W2044092692","https://openalex.org/W3103111272","https://openalex.org/W4289655544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperspectral":[0],"remote":[1,22],"sensing":[2,23],"images":[3],"with":[4,219],"high":[5,32],"spatial":[6,33,151],"resolution":[7],"(H":[8],"<sup":[9,108,133,228],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[10,109,134,229],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[11,110,135,230],"imagery)":[12],"have":[13],"an":[14,177,184],"abundant":[15],"spatial-spectral":[16],"information,":[17],"holding":[18],"tremendous":[19],"potential":[20],"for":[21,70,79,105,226],"fine-grained":[24,57],"monitoring":[25],"and":[26,39,52,67,73,98,128,152,161,172,211,223],"classification.":[27,58,82,112],"However,":[28],"challenges":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31,64,176],"heterogeneity,":[34],"severe":[35,208],"intra-class":[36],"spectral":[37,129,153,157],"variability":[38],"poor":[40],"signal-to-noise":[41],"ratio":[42],"especially":[43],"in":[44],"unmanned":[45,167],"aerial":[46,168],"vehicle":[47],"(UAV)":[48],"hyperspectral":[49,164],"imagery":[50,111,136,165],"constrain":[51],"hinder":[53],"the":[54,125,143,150,179,195,204],"performance":[55,222],"of":[56,131,166,188,207],"Convolutional":[59],"neural":[60],"network":[61,90],"(CNN)":[62],"emerges":[63],"a":[65,86],"formidable":[66],"excellent":[68],"tool":[69],"image":[71],"mining":[72],"feature":[74],"extraction,":[75],"offering":[76],"effective":[77],"utility":[78],"land":[80],"cover":[81],"In":[83],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"parallel":[87],"convolutional":[88],"classification":[89,205,217,221],"model":[91,182],"based":[92],"on":[93],"multi-modal":[94],"filters":[95],"(including":[96],"ICA-2D-FPN":[97,114],"SA-3D-CNN":[99,144],"branching":[100],"structures)":[101],"PCCN-MSS":[102,181,200],"is":[103,146],"proposed":[104,180,199],"precise":[106],"H":[107,132,227],"The":[113,198],"branch":[115,145],"integrates":[116],"independent":[117],"component":[118],"analysis":[119],"(ICA)":[120],"into":[121],"2D-CNN":[122],"to":[123,148],"extract":[124,149],"multi-spatial":[126],"scale":[127],"information":[130,154],"by":[137,155,192],"Feature":[138],"Pyramid":[139],"Networks":[140],"(FPN),":[141],"meanwhile":[142],"designed":[147],"combining":[156],"attention":[158],"(SA)":[159],"mechanism":[160],"3D-CNN.":[162],"Taking":[163],"vehicles":[169],"containing":[170],"vegetation":[171],"artifactual":[173],"material":[174],"ground":[175],"example,":[178],"achieves":[183],"overall":[185],"accuracy":[186],"(OA)":[187],"78.18%,":[189],"which":[190],"outperforms":[191],"9.58%":[193],"than":[194],"compared":[196],"methods.":[197],"method":[201],"can":[202],"mitigate":[203],"issues":[206],"salt-and-pepper":[209],"noise":[210],"inaccurate":[212],"boundary,":[213],"delivering":[214],"more":[215],"satisfactory":[216],"results":[218],"robust":[220],"remarkable":[224],"advantages":[225],"imagery.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}