{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388739214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3332424","title":"Machine Learning-Based Wind Direction Retrieval From Quad-Polarized Gaofen-3 SAR Images","display_name":"Machine Learning-Based Wind Direction Retrieval From Quad-Polarized Gaofen-3 SAR Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388739214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3332424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3332424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3332424","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10319675.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10319675.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029423371","display_name":"Weizeng Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3693-6217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128742","display_name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service","ror":"https://ror.org/038fwcw54","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128742"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weizeng Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University and an assistant researcher at National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University and an assistant researcher at National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526","https://openalex.org/I4210128742"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101924583","display_name":"Yuhang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4918-5736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44675526","display_name":"Shanghai Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/04n40zv07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Oceanography degree at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Oceanography degree at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44675526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011827662","display_name":"Qingjun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6682-6731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingjun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111931827","display_name":"Xingwei Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128742","display_name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service","ror":"https://ror.org/038fwcw54","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128742"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingwei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128742"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029423371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128742","https://openalex.org/I44675526"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":3.538,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9279805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"808","last_page":"816"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.6954836845397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scatterometer","display_name":"Scatterometer","score":0.6832517385482788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6581976413726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-direction","display_name":"Wind direction","score":0.613688588142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5997195839881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.5976287722587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.4948822855949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.47915858030319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.47202128171920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4606476128101349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.43683740496635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4186384379863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3872078061103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3171498775482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.2528088092803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24727973341941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1860218346118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15117532014846802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.6954836845397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776212561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905295","display_name":"Scatterometer","level":3,"score":0.6832517385482788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6581976413726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107775477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057900","display_name":"Wind direction","level":3,"score":0.613688588142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5997195839881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.5976287722587585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4948822855949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.47915858030319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.47202128171920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4606476128101349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.43683740496635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4186384379863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3872078061103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3171498775482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.2528088092803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24727973341941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1860218346118927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15117532014846802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3332424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3332424","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10319675.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85e66410bac94114bc50e5fb193cfe37","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85e66410bac94114bc50e5fb193cfe37","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 17, Pp 808-816 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3332424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3332424","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10319675.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1858708398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23ZR1426900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309612","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5616458379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42076238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309612","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388739214.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388739214.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570381226","https://openalex.org/W1965277829","https://openalex.org/W1973031729","https://openalex.org/W1991203239","https://openalex.org/W1997689768","https://openalex.org/W2010086826","https://openalex.org/W2028300352","https://openalex.org/W2032469006","https://openalex.org/W2059263447","https://openalex.org/W2064161461","https://openalex.org/W2065609640","https://openalex.org/W2077846631","https://openalex.org/W2084181144","https://openalex.org/W2096041557","https://openalex.org/W2100947941","https://openalex.org/W2110279975","https://openalex.org/W2127016924","https://openalex.org/W2130484591","https://openalex.org/W2138783437","https://openalex.org/W2159644751","https://openalex.org/W2167794993","https://openalex.org/W2168949884","https://openalex.org/W2285251433","https://openalex.org/W2315162347","https://openalex.org/W2339852417","https://openalex.org/W2476531129","https://openalex.org/W2558064633","https://openalex.org/W2581288668","https://openalex.org/W2617993041","https://openalex.org/W2733457189","https://openalex.org/W2737574396","https://openalex.org/W2741661904","https://openalex.org/W2801331373","https://openalex.org/W2805383893","https://openalex.org/W2890869948","https://openalex.org/W2896977152","https://openalex.org/W2905276979","https://openalex.org/W2910003947","https://openalex.org/W2911340960","https://openalex.org/W2945348433","https://openalex.org/W2972024752","https://openalex.org/W2978343456","https://openalex.org/W3011560410","https://openalex.org/W3105778288","https://openalex.org/W3130088326","https://openalex.org/W3164980081","https://openalex.org/W4206055697","https://openalex.org/W4220891279","https://openalex.org/W4281659095","https://openalex.org/W4285287044","https://openalex.org/W4303980692","https://openalex.org/W4311847186","https://openalex.org/W4324116465","https://openalex.org/W4327620390","https://openalex.org/W4377826473","https://openalex.org/W6742158091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2546488237","https://openalex.org/W1589762804","https://openalex.org/W3006474185","https://openalex.org/W3000499464","https://openalex.org/W2142726197","https://openalex.org/W2120244012","https://openalex.org/W2174873822","https://openalex.org/W1998428616","https://openalex.org/W2085534754","https://openalex.org/W2126566794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,216],"our":[1],"study,":[2],"an":[3,237,247,259],"intelligent":[4,165],"method":[5],"for":[6,45,128,251,262],"inverting":[7,129,263],"wind":[8,33,66,109,130,146,201,219,253,264],"direction":[9,67,110,131,202],"from":[10,42,132,152,265],"quad-polarized":[11,133,266],"Gaofen-3":[12],"(GF-3)":[13],"synthetic":[14],"aperture":[15],"radar":[16],"(SAR)":[17],"images":[18,171,269],"is":[19,90,93,135,167,203,207,214],"proposed.":[20],"Specifically,":[21],"11300":[22],"acquired":[23],"in":[24,98,141,172,236],"wave":[25],"(WAV)":[26],"mode":[27],"are":[28,159,181,229],"used":[29,160],"to":[30,107,138,169],"retrieve":[31],"the":[32,65,69,75,96,108,126,143,157,178,193,200,205,210,218,252],"directions":[34],"using":[35,222],"a":[36,223,242],"spectrum-transformation":[37],"approach":[38,166],"and":[39,79,82,86,150,177,209,246],"prior":[40],"information":[41],"European":[43],"Centre":[44],"Medium-Range":[46],"Weather":[47],"Forecasts":[48],"(ECMWF)":[49],"reanalysis":[50],"at":[51,56,156],"version":[52],"5":[53],"(ERA-5)":[54],"data":[55],"1-hour":[57],"intervals":[58],"with":[59,105,111,231],"0.25\u00b0":[60],"grids.":[61],"The":[62,188],"dependence":[63],"of":[64,115,199,239,244,249],"on":[68],"polarimetric":[70],"correlation":[71,112],"coefficient":[72],"(PCC)":[73],"between":[74],"co-":[76],"(vertical-vertical":[77],"(VV)":[78],"horizontal-horizontal":[80],"(HH))":[81],"cross-polarization":[83],"(vertical-horizontal":[84],"(VH)":[85],"horizontal-vertical":[87],"(HV))":[88],"channels":[89],"studied.":[91],"It":[92],"found":[94],"that":[95,192],"PCCs":[97],"four":[99],"combination":[100],"polarizations":[101],"have":[102],"asymmetric":[103],"characteristics":[104],"respect":[106],"coefficients":[113],"(CORs)":[114],"greater":[116],"than":[117,121],"0.4":[118],"or":[119],"less":[120],"\u22120.4.":[122],"Following":[123],"this":[124,164,256],"rationale,":[125],"scheme":[127,261],"SAR":[134,153,268],"trained":[136],"according":[137],"machine":[139],"learning,":[140],"which":[142],"matrix":[144],"PCCs,":[145],"directions,":[147],"azimuthal":[148],"angles,":[149],"slopes":[151],"intensity":[154],"spectra":[155],"peaks":[158],"as":[161],"inputs.":[162],"Subsequently,":[163],"applied":[168],"1300":[170],"quad-polarization":[173],"stripmap":[174],"(QPS)":[175],"mode,":[176],"retrieval":[179],"results":[180],"validated":[182],"against":[183],"advanced":[184],"scatterometer":[185],"(ASCAT)":[186],"measurements.":[187],"statistical":[189],"analysis":[190],"shows":[191],"root":[194],"mean":[195],"squared":[196],"error":[197],"(RMSE)":[198],"17.7\u00b0,":[204],"COR":[206,243],"0.98,":[208],"scatter":[211],"index":[212],"(SI)":[213],"0.11.":[215],"addition,":[217],"speeds":[220],"inverted":[221],"geophysical":[224],"model":[225],"function":[226],"(GMF)":[227],"CSARMOD-GF":[228],"compared":[230],"well-calibrated":[232],"ASCAT":[233],"products,":[234],"resulting":[235],"RMSE":[238],"1.85":[240],"m/s,":[241],"0.78,":[245],"SI":[248],"0.28":[250],"speed.":[254],"Thus,":[255],"work":[257],"provides":[258],"automatic":[260],"GF-3":[267],"without":[270],"any":[271],"external":[272],"information.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}