{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388284107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3329773","title":"An Unsupervised, Open-Source Workflow for 2D and 3D Building Mapping From Airborne LiDAR Data","display_name":"An Unsupervised, Open-Source Workflow for 2D and 3D Building Mapping From Airborne LiDAR Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388284107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3329773"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3329773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3329773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3329773","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055323103","display_name":"Hunsoo Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6899-6770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hunsoo Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065956206","display_name":"Jinha Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1176-3540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinha Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055323103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":1.0058,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72840625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"6067","last_page":"6084"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.8608481884002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8570840954780579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7879007458686829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6857898235321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.515538215637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.4853929281234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.4752625823020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4585951864719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41637617349624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36366742849349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.33396315574645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11958640813827515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.8608481884002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8570840954780579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7879007458686829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6857898235321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.515538215637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.4853929281234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.4752625823020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4585951864719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41637617349624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36366742849349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.33396315574645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11958640813827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3329773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3329773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:691d677da33f4ca68e338e00f9e485fe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/691d677da33f4ca68e338e00f9e485fe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 17, Pp 6067-6084 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3329773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3329773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1776314870","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1965241701","https://openalex.org/W1973644502","https://openalex.org/W1986427369","https://openalex.org/W1996749420","https://openalex.org/W2001431520","https://openalex.org/W2004492980","https://openalex.org/W2014091167","https://openalex.org/W2026476272","https://openalex.org/W2035184119","https://openalex.org/W2052531283","https://openalex.org/W2067874135","https://openalex.org/W2102673432","https://openalex.org/W2157163776","https://openalex.org/W2161746820","https://openalex.org/W2279302892","https://openalex.org/W2412983935","https://openalex.org/W2539320077","https://openalex.org/W2685970220","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2787614951","https://openalex.org/W2811199523","https://openalex.org/W2891567162","https://openalex.org/W2900391132","https://openalex.org/W2901097445","https://openalex.org/W2911292042","https://openalex.org/W2911319109","https://openalex.org/W2924260171","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2943287822","https://openalex.org/W2950600620","https://openalex.org/W2963225188","https://openalex.org/W2963525222","https://openalex.org/W2980881023","https://openalex.org/W3014392933","https://openalex.org/W3025223302","https://openalex.org/W3034912970","https://openalex.org/W3037291346","https://openalex.org/W3041516416","https://openalex.org/W3103294501","https://openalex.org/W3104833050","https://openalex.org/W3128000984","https://openalex.org/W3160336790","https://openalex.org/W3164372563","https://openalex.org/W3164773977","https://openalex.org/W3173627131","https://openalex.org/W3196572805","https://openalex.org/W4200142374","https://openalex.org/W4200258398","https://openalex.org/W4206822910","https://openalex.org/W4207078053","https://openalex.org/W4213307050","https://openalex.org/W4214812606","https://openalex.org/W4224235076","https://openalex.org/W4229364342","https://openalex.org/W4285228384","https://openalex.org/W4288076010","https://openalex.org/W4293661502","https://openalex.org/W4296123585","https://openalex.org/W4296742298","https://openalex.org/W4309651775","https://openalex.org/W4309710808","https://openalex.org/W4312798305","https://openalex.org/W4313203557","https://openalex.org/W4313827554","https://openalex.org/W4319984866","https://openalex.org/W4321021245","https://openalex.org/W4322502975","https://openalex.org/W4360994027","https://openalex.org/W4382176510","https://openalex.org/W4382310794","https://openalex.org/W4386049957","https://openalex.org/W4387803849","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6849358472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"introduces":[2],"an":[3],"automated,":[4],"open-source":[5],"workflow":[6,20,44,89,155],"for":[7,27,96],"large-scale":[8,170],"2D":[9,102,162],"and":[10,55,78,93,103,128,163],"3D":[11,104,164],"building":[12,105,141,153,165],"mapping":[13,154],"using":[14],"airborne":[15,109],"LiDAR":[16,61,110],"data.":[17,111],"Uniquely,":[18],"our":[19,43,150],"operates":[21],"entirely":[22],"unsupervised,":[23],"eliminating":[24],"the":[25,97,158],"need":[26],"any":[28],"training":[29],"procedures.":[30],"We":[31,147],"have":[32,65,72],"integrated":[33],"a":[34,84,91,120,137],"specially":[35],"tailored":[36],"digital":[37],"terrain":[38],"model":[39],"generation":[40],"algorithm":[41],"into":[42],"to":[45],"prevent":[46],"errors":[47,74],"in":[48,123,169],"complex":[49],"urban":[50,171],"landscapes,":[51],"especially":[52],"around":[53],"highways":[54],"overpasses.":[56],"Through":[57,131],"fine":[58],"rasterization":[59],"of":[60,100,140,160],"point":[62],"clouds,":[63],"we":[64,71,135],"enhanced":[66],"building-tree":[67],"differentiation.":[68],"In":[69],"addition,":[70],"reduced":[73],"near":[75],"water":[76],"bodies":[77],"augmented":[79],"computational":[80],"efficiency":[81],"by":[82],"introducing":[83],"new":[85],"planarity":[86],"calculation.":[87],"Our":[88,112],"offers":[90],"practical":[92],"scalable":[94,152],"solution":[95],"mass":[98],"production":[99,159],"rasterized":[101],"maps":[106,142],"from":[107],"raw":[108],"method's":[113],"robustness":[114],"has":[115],"been":[116],"rigorously":[117],"validated":[118],"across":[119],"diverse":[121],"dataset":[122],"comparison":[124],"with":[125],"deep":[126],"learning-based":[127],"hand-digitized":[129],"products.":[130],"these":[132],"extensive":[133],"comparisons,":[134],"provide":[136],"valuable":[138],"analysis":[139],"generated":[143],"via":[144],"different":[145],"methodologies.":[146],"anticipate":[148],"that":[149],"highly":[151],"will":[156],"facilitate":[157],"reliable":[161],"maps,":[166],"fostering":[167],"advances":[168],"analysis.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}