{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387092562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3319817","title":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Nighttime Light After China Lifted 3-Year-Old COVID-19 Restrictions","display_name":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Nighttime Light After China Lifted 3-Year-Old COVID-19 Restrictions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387092562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3319817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3319817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3319817","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10265034.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10265034.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026553843","display_name":"Ting Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125402","display_name":"Hubei Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02xhgjz70","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125402"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ting Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, P. R. China","School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China","Technology Innovation Center for Integration Applications in Remote Sensing and Navigation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0950-1648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125402","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Innovation Center for Integration Applications in Remote Sensing and Navigation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113009909","display_name":"Wenqing Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqing Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","school of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"school of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026553843"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125","https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210125402","https://openalex.org/I890469752"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":1.2393,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78159138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"9038","last_page":"9050"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13850","display_name":"Night-time city culture","score":0.9648000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9592000246047974,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/megacity","display_name":"Megacity","score":0.8957573175430298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mainland-china","display_name":"Mainland China","score":0.6367369890213013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6142654418945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.599237322807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5493139028549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"Urbanization","score":0.4811914563179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.42509007453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.41167503595352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-geography","display_name":"Economic geography","score":0.3466622531414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34045928716659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.24667224287986755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economy","display_name":"Economy","score":0.1766115427017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1477532982826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08850723505020142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127040729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174844","display_name":"Megacity","level":2,"score":0.8957573175430298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107029721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19188","display_name":"Mainland China","level":3,"score":0.6367369890213013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6142654418945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.599237322807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5493139028549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.4811914563179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.42509007453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.41167503595352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3466622531414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34045928716659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.24667224287986755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.1766115427017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1477532982826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08850723505020142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3319817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3319817","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10265034.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e5a3e2b4bb294c2f9d767ec393dabb0b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e5a3e2b4bb294c2f9d767ec393dabb0b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Pp 9038-9050 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3319817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3319817","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10265034.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8611735087","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42201377","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387092562.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387092562.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967468107","https://openalex.org/W1978638151","https://openalex.org/W2776072592","https://openalex.org/W2789245956","https://openalex.org/W3001292254","https://openalex.org/W3013594674","https://openalex.org/W3022210384","https://openalex.org/W3043543431","https://openalex.org/W3124268907","https://openalex.org/W3128962801","https://openalex.org/W3131558705","https://openalex.org/W3131782308","https://openalex.org/W3134207905","https://openalex.org/W3155638235","https://openalex.org/W3162221152","https://openalex.org/W3174724001","https://openalex.org/W4206155815","https://openalex.org/W4220704758","https://openalex.org/W4220813763","https://openalex.org/W4221021832","https://openalex.org/W4221092026","https://openalex.org/W4224925596","https://openalex.org/W4242852497","https://openalex.org/W4283079226","https://openalex.org/W4283267311","https://openalex.org/W4289205994","https://openalex.org/W4313642213","https://openalex.org/W4319441621","https://openalex.org/W4383894956","https://openalex.org/W4403738106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183778700","https://openalex.org/W1585705538","https://openalex.org/W4241022952","https://openalex.org/W2101561563","https://openalex.org/W2087279456","https://openalex.org/W4243088098","https://openalex.org/W1983934452","https://openalex.org/W3012482587","https://openalex.org/W3171929287","https://openalex.org/W4226307339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"China":[0,54,208],"fully":[1],"lifted":[2],"restrictions":[3,226],"of":[4,15,50,58,136,140,188,193,213,223,232],"the":[5,13,47,56,99,103,109,131,134,146,150,161,181,230,250],"COVID-19":[6,224],"pandemic":[7,214],"on":[8,18,52,71,130],"December":[9],"7,":[10],"2022.":[11],"However,":[12],"influence":[14],"this":[16,42],"policy":[17,246],"urban":[19,104,110,119,126,143,216,233,243],"socio-economic":[20],"activities":[21],"is":[22,145,218],"unclear.":[23],"Remotely":[24],"sensed":[25],"nighttime":[26],"light":[27],"(NTL)":[28],"data":[29],"have":[30],"been":[31],"widely":[32],"used":[33],"in":[34,38,94,183],"evaluating":[35],"public":[36],"policies":[37],"near":[39],"real-time,":[40],"therefore,":[41],"paper":[43],"attempts":[44],"to":[45,97,112,242],"explore":[46],"spatio-temporal":[48,100],"impact":[49],"liberalization":[51],"mainland":[53,207],"from":[55,102,125,163],"perspective":[57],"NTL":[59,75,84,92,120,141,172,192],"data.":[60],"Taking":[61],"25":[62],"cities":[63,189,197],"with":[64,160],"different":[65,186],"development":[66,217],"levels":[67,187],"as":[68],"representatives,":[69],"based":[70],"daily":[72],"Black":[73],"Marble":[74],"product":[76],"(VNP46A2),":[77],"we":[78],"obtained":[79],"monthly":[80],"and":[81,87,90,149,185,195,245],"weekly":[82],"averaged":[83],"images":[85],"before":[86],"after":[88,133,180,249],"liberalization,":[89],"calculated":[91],"changes":[93],"concentric":[95],"rings":[96],"detect":[98],"variations":[101],"centers,":[105],"which":[106],"can":[107,238],"reflect":[108],"vitality":[111],"some":[113],"degree.":[114],"Experiment":[115],"results":[116],"show":[117],"that":[118],"radiances":[121],"within":[122,177],"18":[123],"km":[124],"center":[127,165],"are":[128],"generally":[129,174,198],"rise":[132],"lifting":[135,182,222],"restrictions.":[137],"The":[138,221],"increase":[139,151],"around":[142],"core":[144],"most":[147,169],"significant,":[148],"intensity":[152],"decreases":[153],"exponentially":[154],"(R":[155],"<sup":[156],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[157],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[158],">0.7)":[159],"distance":[162],"city":[164],"or":[166],"near-center":[167],"for":[168],"cities.":[170,204],"Furthermore,":[171],"radiance":[173],"increases":[175],"significantly":[176],"1\u223c2":[178],"weeks":[179],"megacities,":[184],"responded":[190],"differently.":[191],"megacities":[194],"large":[196],"changed":[199],"more":[200],"rapidly":[201],"than":[202],"small-medium":[203],"Moreover,":[205],"although":[206],"has":[209,227],"experienced":[210],"three":[211],"years":[212],"control,":[215],"still":[219],"underway.":[220],"travel":[225],"brought":[228],"back":[229],"recovery":[231],"economic":[234],"vitality.":[235],"These":[236],"findings":[237],"provide":[239],"insightful":[240],"support":[241],"construction":[244],"guidance":[247],"intervention":[248],"pandemic.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}