{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323338512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3249643","title":"Characterizing Topographic Influences of Bushfire Severity Using Machine Learning Models: A Case Study in a Hilly Terrain of Victoria, Australia","display_name":"Characterizing Topographic Influences of Bushfire Severity Using Machine Learning Models: A Case Study in a Hilly Terrain of Victoria, Australia","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323338512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3249643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3249643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3249643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10059148.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10059148.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070761066","display_name":"Saroj Kumar Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-6008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saroj Kumar Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-6008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084255329","display_name":"Jagannath Aryal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-2127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jagannath Aryal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-2127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067539443","display_name":"Quanxi Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-137X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanxi Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Kensington, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-137X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Kensington, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075301188","display_name":"Abbas Rajabifard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4256-3173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Rajabifard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4256-3173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.0783,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8608799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"2791","last_page":"2807"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13388","display_name":"Rangeland and Wildlife Management","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landform","display_name":"Landform","score":0.8491837382316589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.7431131601333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6574503779411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling","display_name":"Predictive modelling","score":0.5577434301376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.46151894330978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4218613803386688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.36470332741737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35248079895973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29776179790496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.287710964679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2843867540359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.27822500467300415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108497213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271669","display_name":"Landform","level":2,"score":0.8491837382316589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.7431131601333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6574503779411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.5577434301376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.46151894330978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4218613803386688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.36470332741737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35248079895973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29776179790496826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.287710964679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2843867540359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.27822500467300415}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3249643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3249643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10059148.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d4b0794a74e488c9965fe095ce1ef50","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d4b0794a74e488c9965fe095ce1ef50","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Pp 2791-2807 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3249643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3249643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10059148.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320386","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320974","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323338512.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323338512.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164008156","https://openalex.org/W252878706","https://openalex.org/W1443921968","https://openalex.org/W1502596907","https://openalex.org/W1521897025","https://openalex.org/W1522627058","https://openalex.org/W1943565020","https://openalex.org/W1967726776","https://openalex.org/W1970102256","https://openalex.org/W1979305736","https://openalex.org/W1983513512","https://openalex.org/W1985372952","https://openalex.org/W1993192324","https://openalex.org/W2000454085","https://openalex.org/W2003355054","https://openalex.org/W2006779467","https://openalex.org/W2018820549","https://openalex.org/W2022319455","https://openalex.org/W2049647840","https://openalex.org/W2052234685","https://openalex.org/W2057565606","https://openalex.org/W2067004073","https://openalex.org/W2076812056","https://openalex.org/W2096773412","https://openalex.org/W2110306174","https://openalex.org/W2113242619","https://openalex.org/W2115568725","https://openalex.org/W2122081995","https://openalex.org/W2126438744","https://openalex.org/W2132616700","https://openalex.org/W2135382969","https://openalex.org/W2144230836","https://openalex.org/W2149903536","https://openalex.org/W2153804780","https://openalex.org/W2164656777","https://openalex.org/W2170801163","https://openalex.org/W2170982346","https://openalex.org/W2171202211","https://openalex.org/W2172519315","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2271643717","https://openalex.org/W2509823463","https://openalex.org/W2521836361","https://openalex.org/W2573281070","https://openalex.org/W2590997639","https://openalex.org/W2604963456","https://openalex.org/W2605867113","https://openalex.org/W2611138922","https://openalex.org/W2765278203","https://openalex.org/W2774337825","https://openalex.org/W2784844643","https://openalex.org/W2789262548","https://openalex.org/W2793502888","https://openalex.org/W2800066382","https://openalex.org/W2806810430","https://openalex.org/W2883172510","https://openalex.org/W2884851559","https://openalex.org/W2887697414","https://openalex.org/W2897999824","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2935851124","https://openalex.org/W2957606078","https://openalex.org/W2966721889","https://openalex.org/W2996416206","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3005928150","https://openalex.org/W3008626511","https://openalex.org/W3022928752","https://openalex.org/W3023713374","https://openalex.org/W3039971227","https://openalex.org/W3042771855","https://openalex.org/W3090970712","https://openalex.org/W3092453270","https://openalex.org/W3099079911","https://openalex.org/W3105342231","https://openalex.org/W3115462085","https://openalex.org/W3117958761","https://openalex.org/W3134731620","https://openalex.org/W3141216299","https://openalex.org/W3154188595","https://openalex.org/W3163631193","https://openalex.org/W3181354841","https://openalex.org/W3198642609","https://openalex.org/W3203412232","https://openalex.org/W4220867998","https://openalex.org/W4221047666","https://openalex.org/W4223923442","https://openalex.org/W4224936427","https://openalex.org/W4225363088","https://openalex.org/W4225784124","https://openalex.org/W4232851031","https://openalex.org/W4282964610","https://openalex.org/W4293375396","https://openalex.org/W4306249215","https://openalex.org/W6682780409","https://openalex.org/W6684773713","https://openalex.org/W6693698958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3178049752","https://openalex.org/W2373784975","https://openalex.org/W2606531105","https://openalex.org/W4385704418","https://openalex.org/W1667702539","https://openalex.org/W3191198889","https://openalex.org/W2922154693","https://openalex.org/W2767362755","https://openalex.org/W2360493075","https://openalex.org/W4399767560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Topography":[0],"plays":[1],"a":[2,10,173],"significant":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,40,59,82,118],"determining":[6],"bushfire":[7,20,61,83,100,122,215],"severity":[8,21,62,84,143,177,216],"over":[9],"hilly":[11],"landscape.":[12],"However,":[13],"complex":[14,42],"interrelationships":[15],"between":[16,44],"topographic":[17,97,170],"variables":[18,98],"and":[19,91,95,109,141,218],"are":[22,37],"difficult":[23],"to":[24,73,93,130,135,157,162,196],"quantify":[25],"using":[26,86],"traditional":[27],"statistical":[28],"methods.":[29],"More":[30],"recently,":[31],"different":[32,45,180],"Machine":[33],"Learning":[34],"(ML)":[35],"models":[36,58,77,113],"becoming":[38],"popular":[39],"characterising":[41],"relationships":[43],"environmental":[46],"variables.":[47],"Yet,":[48],"few":[49],"studies":[50],"have":[51],"specifically":[52],"evaluated":[53],"the":[54,65],"suitability":[55],"of":[56,67,121,153,176,222],"ML":[57,76,223],"predictive":[60,119],"analysis.":[63],"Hence,":[64],"aim":[66],"this":[68],"research":[69],"is":[70],"twofold.":[71],"First,":[72],"determine":[74],"suitable":[75],"by":[78],"assessing":[79],"their":[80,115],"performances":[81],"predictions":[85,155],"remote":[87],"sensing":[88],"data":[89],"analytics,":[90],"second":[92],"identify":[94],"investigate":[96],"influencing":[99],"severity.":[101,123],"The":[102],"results":[103,207],"showed":[104,126,172],"that":[105],"Random":[106],"Forest":[107],"(RF)":[108],"Gradient":[110],"Boosting":[111],"(GB)":[112],"had":[114],"distinct":[116],"advantages":[117],"modelling":[120],"RF":[124,160],"model":[125,147],"higher":[127,203],"precision":[128],"(86%":[129],"100%)":[131],"than":[132,159,199],"GB":[133,146],"(59%":[134],"72%)":[136],"while":[137],"predicting":[138],"low,":[139],"moderate,":[140],"high":[142],"classes.":[144,166,183],"Whereas":[145],"demonstrated":[148],"better":[149],"recall,":[150],"i.e.,":[151],"completeness":[152],"positive":[154],"(56%":[156],"75%)":[158],"(49%":[161],"61%)":[163],"for":[164],"those":[165,200],"Closer":[167],"investigations":[168],"on":[169],"characteristics":[171],"varying":[174],"relationship":[175],"patterns":[178],"across":[179],"morphological":[181],"landform":[182],"Landforms":[184],"having":[185],"lower":[186],"slope":[187,204],"curvatures":[188],"or":[189],"with":[190,202],"unchanging":[191],"slopes":[192],"were":[193],"more":[194],"prone":[195],"severe":[197],"burning":[198],"landforms":[201],"curvatures.":[205],"Our":[206],"provide":[208],"insights":[209],"into":[210],"how":[211],"topography":[212],"influences":[213],"potential":[214],"risks":[217],"recommends":[219],"purpose-specific":[220],"choice":[221],"models.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}