{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319341864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241405","title":"G2Grad-CAMRL: An Object Detection and Interpretation Model Based on Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Mapping and Reinforcement Learning in Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"G2Grad-CAMRL: An Object Detection and Interpretation Model Based on Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Mapping and Reinforcement Learning in Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319341864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241405"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3241405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241405","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10040626.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10040626.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041576447","display_name":"Shoulin Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5367-1372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoulin Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communications Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communications Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636411","display_name":"Liguo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9373-6233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61565387","display_name":"Dalian Minzu University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hxfx521","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61565387"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liguo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communications Engineering, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9373-6233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communications Engineering, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61565387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771200","display_name":"Muhammad Shafiq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1909-9373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shafiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","School of Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1909-9373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010369192","display_name":"Lin Teng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3437-2123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Teng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Communications Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Communications Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077907139","display_name":"Asif Ali Laghari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-5943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32399674","display_name":"Shenyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cdfgm80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32399674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asif Ali Laghari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-5943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32399674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006747969","display_name":"Muhammad Faizan Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1232-7054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801349156","display_name":"University of Haripur","ror":"https://ror.org/05vtb1235","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Faizan Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I2801349156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":4.3152,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94974659,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"3583","last_page":"3598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7732280492782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7245856523513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6178756356239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6166006326675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5127628445625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4775465428829193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47205978631973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45804494619369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4042113721370697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39866042137145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08872705698013306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7732280492782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7245856523513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6178756356239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6166006326675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5127628445625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4775465428829193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47205978631973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45804494619369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4042113721370697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39866042137145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08872705698013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3241405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241405","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10040626.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0a9587656dee4cc5992c681d9ef528ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0a9587656dee4cc5992c681d9ef528ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Pp 3583-3598 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3241405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241405","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10040626.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5584386892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62250410365","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7424700364","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8eSVM\u7684\u9ad8\u5149\u8c31\u6570\u636e\u89e3\u6df7\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330200","display_name":"National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01p9g6b97"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319341864.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319341864.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595787098","https://openalex.org/W2085625911","https://openalex.org/W2115396342","https://openalex.org/W2610525713","https://openalex.org/W2758613035","https://openalex.org/W2779054585","https://openalex.org/W2789436332","https://openalex.org/W2796096336","https://openalex.org/W2800388963","https://openalex.org/W2889835342","https://openalex.org/W2911282375","https://openalex.org/W2912514498","https://openalex.org/W2913087080","https://openalex.org/W2935079508","https://openalex.org/W2940427740","https://openalex.org/W2944770233","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963749936","https://openalex.org/W2963927307","https://openalex.org/W2965546069","https://openalex.org/W2969393175","https://openalex.org/W2969808474","https://openalex.org/W2978612630","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W3004591935","https://openalex.org/W3009818596","https://openalex.org/W3022140654","https://openalex.org/W3022643044","https://openalex.org/W3026014973","https://openalex.org/W3027225766","https://openalex.org/W3034745255","https://openalex.org/W3088621547","https://openalex.org/W3089710165","https://openalex.org/W3099026523","https://openalex.org/W3100245404","https://openalex.org/W3104349120","https://openalex.org/W3113164744","https://openalex.org/W3117679121","https://openalex.org/W3120822260","https://openalex.org/W3124566001","https://openalex.org/W3127036765","https://openalex.org/W3128592650","https://openalex.org/W3129029680","https://openalex.org/W3164869501","https://openalex.org/W3165277223","https://openalex.org/W3172258972","https://openalex.org/W3175496347","https://openalex.org/W3183600011","https://openalex.org/W3195968524","https://openalex.org/W3207151419","https://openalex.org/W3210303754","https://openalex.org/W3210720059","https://openalex.org/W4210256089","https://openalex.org/W4214829639","https://openalex.org/W4226538954","https://openalex.org/W4289823735","https://openalex.org/W4296180137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W2806259446","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4247136043","https://openalex.org/W4312407344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1,15,36,76,139,238,257],"images":[2,77,140,258],"contain":[3],"important":[4],"information":[5],"such":[6,55],"as":[7,56,128],"airports,":[8],"ports,":[9],"and":[10,18,26,32,52,66,78,88,100,111,121,141,251],"ships.":[11],"By":[12],"extracting":[13],"remote":[14,35,75,138,237,256],"image":[16,24,37,239],"features":[17,25,136],"learning":[19,176,198],"the":[20,30,71,79,89,101,129,135,148,155,161,182,188,193,201,204,216,221,225,235,244],"mapping":[21,120],"relationship":[22],"between":[23,94],"text":[27],"semantic":[28,218],"features,":[29],"interpretation":[31,112],"description":[33,240,253],"of":[34,47,74,81,83,103,137,160,196,203],"content":[38],"can":[39],"be":[40],"realized,":[41],"which":[42],"has":[43,247],"a":[44],"wide":[45],"range":[46],"application":[48],"value":[49],"in":[50,91,220,234,259],"military":[51],"civil":[53],"fields":[54],"national":[57],"defense":[58],"security,":[59],"land":[60],"monitoring,":[61],"urban":[62],"planning,":[63],"disaster":[64],"mitigation":[65],"so":[67],"on.":[68],"Aiming":[69],"at":[70],"complex":[72,260],"background":[73],"lack":[80],"interpretability":[82],"existing":[84],"target":[85,104],"detection":[86,110,249],"models,":[87],"problems":[90],"feature":[92,143,157,162],"extraction":[93],"different":[95,98],"network":[96,132,209],"structures,":[97],"layers,":[99],"accuracy":[102,227,250],"classification,":[105],"we":[106,146,191],"propose":[107],"an":[108],"object":[109],"model":[113],"based":[114],"on":[115],"Gradient":[116],"weighted":[117,165],"class":[118,171],"activation":[119,172],"reinforcement":[122,175,197],"learning.":[123],"Firstly,":[124],"ResNet":[125],"is":[126,178,212,228],"used":[127,179,213],"main":[130],"backbone":[131],"to":[133,153,169,180,199,214],"extract":[134],"generate":[142],"graphs.":[144],"Then,":[145],"add":[147],"global":[149],"average":[150,226],"pooling":[151],"layer":[152],"obtain":[154,215],"corresponding":[156],"weight":[158],"vector":[159],"graph.":[163],"The":[164,174],"vectors":[166],"are":[167],"superimposed":[168],"output":[170],"maps.":[173],"method":[177,246],"optimize":[181],"generated":[183],"region":[184,205],"generation":[185,206],"network.":[186,207],"At":[187],"same":[189],"time,":[190],"improve":[192,200],"reward":[194],"function":[195],"effect":[202],"Finally,":[208],"dissecting":[210],"analysis":[211],"interpretable":[217],"concept":[219],"model.":[222],"Through":[223],"experiments,":[224],"more":[229],"than":[230],"85%.":[231],"Experimental":[232],"results":[233],"public":[236],"dataset":[241],"show":[242],"that":[243],"proposed":[245],"high":[248],"good":[252],"performance":[254],"for":[255],"environments.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
