{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319990556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241321","title":"Multilayer Ionospheric Model Constrained by Physical Prior Based on GNSS Stations","display_name":"Multilayer Ionospheric Model Constrained by Physical Prior Based on GNSS Stations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319990556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3241321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241321","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10035535.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10035535.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031105816","display_name":"Yun Sui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2681-2165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Sui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2681-2165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083471915","display_name":"Haiyang Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1816-1024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1816-1024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103229475","display_name":"Denghui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4541-0906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denghui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang), Inc., Deqing, China","Qianxun Spatial Intelligence Inc., Shanghai, China","Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang) Inc., Deqing, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang), Inc., Deqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qianxun Spatial Intelligence Inc., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang) Inc., Deqing, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071461704","display_name":"Feng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-1467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-1467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049806709","display_name":"Nan Zhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-2226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Zhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang), Inc., Deqing, China","Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang) Inc., Deqing, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-2226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang), Inc., Deqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang) Inc., Deqing, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011444052","display_name":"Shaojun Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-3185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojun Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang), Inc., Deqing, China","Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang) Inc., Deqing, Zhejiang, China","Qianxun Spatial Intelligence Inc., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang), Inc., Deqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qianxun Spatial Intelligence (Zhejiang) Inc., Deqing, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qianxun Spatial Intelligence Inc., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006439118","display_name":"Jin Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9983-8230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9983-8230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015791511","display_name":"Ya\u2010Qiu Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6666-9151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ya-Qiu Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6666-9151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":1.1876,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77272332,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"1842","last_page":"1857"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.882826566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.6753597259521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5893556475639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5567095279693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.48093077540397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-reference-ionosphere","display_name":"International Reference Ionosphere","score":0.45679783821105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4397217631340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.4333743751049042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2122441530227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1997922956943512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.18609997630119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.17616695165634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.1651015281677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.0930233895778656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08495426177978516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.882826566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6753597259521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5893556475639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5567095279693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.48093077540397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777966019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666845","display_name":"International Reference Ionosphere","level":5,"score":0.45679783821105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4397217631340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.4333743751049042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2122441530227661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1997922956943512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.18609997630119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.17616695165634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.1651015281677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0930233895778656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08495426177978516}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3241321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241321","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10035535.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:566df4ccaeb8414890a8c716ca19cbab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/566df4ccaeb8414890a8c716ca19cbab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Pp 1842-1857 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2023.3241321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3241321","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/10035535.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1489549356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21JC1400500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321851","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322438","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319990556.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319990556.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14707944","https://openalex.org/W1993196165","https://openalex.org/W2021320601","https://openalex.org/W2021594447","https://openalex.org/W2029557308","https://openalex.org/W2055147899","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2064733273","https://openalex.org/W2075056964","https://openalex.org/W2091782546","https://openalex.org/W2153568285","https://openalex.org/W2611102272","https://openalex.org/W2800790396","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2957387369","https://openalex.org/W2990229927","https://openalex.org/W3092055582","https://openalex.org/W3112899221","https://openalex.org/W3133898506","https://openalex.org/W3155731460","https://openalex.org/W3176085745","https://openalex.org/W4213019392","https://openalex.org/W4251356425","https://openalex.org/W4312688949","https://openalex.org/W6614677615","https://openalex.org/W6631988126","https://openalex.org/W6734432291","https://openalex.org/W6741690139","https://openalex.org/W6770677559","https://openalex.org/W6794172776","https://openalex.org/W6941086446"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967487030","https://openalex.org/W1989070650","https://openalex.org/W2968636060","https://openalex.org/W2550010074","https://openalex.org/W2084907724","https://openalex.org/W2995463382","https://openalex.org/W4366495655","https://openalex.org/W2038143119","https://openalex.org/W2047802696","https://openalex.org/W2020127618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,20,90,115,144,170,194,240,334],"need":[1],"for":[2,30,189,211,341],"accurate":[3],"modeling":[4,31,118,345],"of":[5,44,59,93,128,161,182,196,207,218,233,243,331,346],"the":[6,13,32,41,45,57,66,77,150,162,166,175,180,190,197,208,216,229,244,251,262,273,279,283,298,309,324,328,332,342],"ionosphere":[7,46],"plays":[8],"an":[9],"important":[10],"role":[11],"in":[12,56,131,297,350],"global":[14],"navigation":[15,348],"satellite":[16,347],"system":[17],"(GNSS)":[18],"positioning.":[19],"traditional":[21,167],"multi-layer":[22,79,117,151,168,177,200,245,274,311,336],"VTEC":[23,80,101,246,325],"model":[24,81,108,152,164,178,210,247,253,276],"without":[25,270],"prior":[26,100,154],"has":[27,119],"been":[28,97,120],"used":[29],"ionospheric":[33,61,88,271,316,343,353],"delay":[34,317,344],"error.":[35],"However,":[36],"it":[37],"is":[38,47,73,156,220],"assumed":[39],"that":[40,160,174,308],"electron":[42],"density":[43],"compressed":[48],"into":[49],"multiple":[50],"thin":[51],"layers":[52],"at":[53],"fixed":[54],"heights":[55],"lack":[58],"capturing":[60,258,327],"physics.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"data":[67,130,281],"enhancement":[68],"method":[69],"by":[70,99,149,222,287],"virtual":[71],"observations":[72],"proposed":[74,198,310,335],"to":[75,82,254],"build":[76],"constrained":[78,116,176,275],"capture":[83],"physical":[84,94,329],"features":[85],"from":[86,135],"empirical":[87],"models.":[89],"extraction":[91],"methods":[92],"knowledge":[95],"have":[96],"developed":[98],"based":[102,110,122,277],"on":[103,111,123,140,278],"principal":[104],"component":[105],"analysis":[106],"and":[107,125,165,215,264,292],"coefficients":[109],"emulated":[112],"basis":[113],"function.":[114],"verified":[121],"simulation":[124],"real":[126],"measurement":[127],"GNSS":[129],"Yunnan,":[132],"China":[133],"collected":[134],"Qianxun":[136],"Ground-based":[137],"Augmentation":[138],"System":[139],"November":[141],"3,":[142],"2021.":[143],"receiver":[145],"DCB":[146],"error":[147],"estimated":[148],"with":[153,228,250,261],"constraint":[155],"significantly":[157,203],"lower":[158,204],"than":[159,205],"single-layer":[163,209],"model.":[169],"experimental":[171],"test":[172,280],"shows":[173,248],"achieves":[179],"accuracy":[181],"<inline-formula":[183,224,234,288,293],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[184,225,235,289,294],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[185,226,236,290,295],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.5":[186],"\\,\\rm":[187],"{TECU}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[188],"independent":[191],"reference":[192],"station.":[193],"dSTEC":[195,219],"two":[199],"models":[201,312,337],"are":[202],"those":[206],"low":[212],"elevation":[213,231],"angles,":[214],"RMSE":[217],"reduced":[221],"63":[223],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[227],"cutoff":[230],"angle":[232],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{\\circ":[237],"}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[238],".":[239],"spatial":[241],"distribution":[242,326],"consistency":[249],"tomography":[252],"verify":[255],"vertical":[256],"feature":[257],"capability.":[259],"Compared":[260],"Un-differenced":[263],"Un-combined":[265],"Precise":[266],"Point":[267],"Positioning":[268],"(UCPPP)":[269],"constraint,":[272],"improves":[282],"convergence":[284],"time":[285],"approximately":[286],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$36.55\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[291],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$18.78\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[296],"horizontal":[299],"(H),":[300],"up":[301],"(U)":[302],"directions,":[303],"respectively.":[304],"These":[305],"results":[306],"demonstrate":[307],"not":[313],"only":[314],"improve":[315],"estimation":[318],"precision":[319],"but":[320],"also":[321],"can":[322],"obtain":[323],"characteristics":[330],"ionosphere.":[333],"may":[338],"be":[339],"valuable":[340],"systems":[349],"harsh":[351],"variable":[352],"conditions.":[354]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}