{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313306278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3233081","title":"Dynamic Soft Label Assignment for Arbitrary-Oriented Ship Detection","display_name":"Dynamic Soft Label Assignment for Arbitrary-Oriented Ship Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313306278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3233081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3233081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3233081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9973430/10003970.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9973430/10003970.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057387558","display_name":"Yangfan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8965-7134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangfan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8965-7134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002071690","display_name":"Chunjiang Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4867-0137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunjiang Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101678716","display_name":"Hongzhen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0181-9742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0181-9742","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":1.1338,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7800792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"1160","last_page":"1170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7433449029922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.685302734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.6299757957458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6035323143005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5862225890159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5524265170097351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5260396003723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4633531868457794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.46168652176856995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43958407640457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4312559962272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35444706678390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32852232456207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16917720437049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.13977789878845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12047994136810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11503878235816956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7433449029922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.685302734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.6299757957458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6035323143005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5862225890159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5524265170097351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5260396003723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4633531868457794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.46168652176856995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43958407640457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4312559962272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35444706678390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32852232456207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16917720437049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.13977789878845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12047994136810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11503878235816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3233081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3233081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9973430/10003970.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a48b239d9a940c8b088fa9e885a0893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a48b239d9a940c8b088fa9e885a0893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Pp 1160-1170 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3233081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3233081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9973430/10003970.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313306278.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313306278.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1970782782","https://openalex.org/W2100503224","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2593539516","https://openalex.org/W2594177559","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W2991363140","https://openalex.org/W3016644593","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3033996275","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3083166649","https://openalex.org/W3086049282","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3106228955","https://openalex.org/W3108849448","https://openalex.org/W3109055651","https://openalex.org/W3110971880","https://openalex.org/W3121842289","https://openalex.org/W3122239467","https://openalex.org/W3127987988","https://openalex.org/W3136761610","https://openalex.org/W3167308647","https://openalex.org/W3170033848","https://openalex.org/W3174873843","https://openalex.org/W3175496347","https://openalex.org/W3182848941","https://openalex.org/W3194765692","https://openalex.org/W3207542910","https://openalex.org/W3213677878","https://openalex.org/W4205338556","https://openalex.org/W4214507171","https://openalex.org/W4214648418","https://openalex.org/W4225125774","https://openalex.org/W4283800076","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4312804579","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6760424586","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6788870397","https://openalex.org/W6796744688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W4390524233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0],"detection":[1,231],"with":[2,236],"several":[3],"military":[4],"and":[5,47,51,64,106,134,165,171,200,247],"civilian":[6],"applications":[7],"has":[8],"drawn":[9],"considerable":[10],"attention":[11],"in":[12,68,177,204,222],"recent":[13],"years.":[14],"In":[15,95],"remote":[16],"sensing":[17],"images,":[18],"ships":[19,116,235],"have":[20,34,118],"the":[21,28,49,56,62,72,86,89,97,104,109,112,123,132,169,173,178,219,223,251],"characteristics":[22],"of":[23,38,88,111,168,192,253],"arbitrary":[24],"orientation.":[25],"Based":[26],"on":[27,55,244],"characteristics,":[29],"many":[30,42],"arbitrary-oriented":[31,147,234,261],"ship":[32,148,262],"detectors":[33,40],"been":[35],"proposed.":[36],"Most":[37],"these":[39],"preset":[41,240],"horizontal":[43,239],"or":[44],"rotated":[45],"anchors":[46],"determine":[48],"positive":[50,105,199],"negative":[52,107,201],"samples":[53,127,221],"based":[54],"intersection":[57],"over":[58],"union":[59],"(IoU)":[60],"between":[61,131],"anchor":[63,90,155,170,187],"ground-truth":[65],"bounding":[66],"box,":[67],"what":[69],"is":[70,79],"called":[71],"label":[73,143,179,214,258],"assignment":[74,144,180,215,259],"process.":[75,181],"However,":[76],"IoU":[77,100,195],"performance":[78],"limited":[80],"as":[81,114],"it":[82],"can":[83],"only":[84,237],"reflect":[85],"quality":[87,156,188],"to":[91,102,175,206,217],"a":[92,129,140,153,185,193,212],"certain":[93],"extent.":[94],"addition,":[96],"manually":[98],"fixed":[99,194],"threshold":[101,190,196],"separate":[103],"limits":[108],"flexibility":[110],"method,":[113],"different":[115,119],"may":[117],"optimal":[120],"thresholds.":[121],"Moreover,":[122],"equally":[124],"weighted":[125],"training":[126,220],"cause":[128],"misalignment":[130],"classification":[133],"regression":[135],"heads.":[136],"Therefore,":[137],"we":[138,151,183,210],"propose":[139,184,211],"dynamic":[141,186,256],"soft":[142,213,257],"method":[145,228],"for":[146,197,233,260],"detection.":[149,263],"First,":[150],"design":[152],"novel":[154],"score":[157,189],"function":[158],"that":[159],"takes":[160],"into":[161],"account":[162],"both":[163],"prior":[164],"prediction":[166],"information":[167],"enables":[172],"model":[174],"participate":[176],"Second,":[182],"instead":[191],"dividing":[198],"samples.":[202],"Third,":[203],"contrast":[205],"assigning":[207],"equal":[208],"weights,":[209],"strategy":[216],"weigh":[218],"loss":[224],"function.":[225],"The":[226],"proposed":[227,255],"offers":[229],"superior":[230],"performances":[232],"one":[238],"anchor.":[241],"Experimental":[242],"results":[243],"HRSC2016,":[245],"FGSD,":[246],"ShipRSImageNet":[248],"datasets":[249],"demonstrate":[250],"effectiveness":[252],"our":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
