{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312433636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3212445","title":"A Two-Stage Approach for Individual Tree Segmentation From TLS Point Clouds","display_name":"A Two-Stage Approach for Individual Tree Segmentation From TLS Point Clouds","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312433636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3212445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3212445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3212445","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09913319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09913319.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068255295","display_name":"Lihong Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7107-0415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihong Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7107-0415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036083161","display_name":"Hongchao Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-7451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongchao Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-7451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056433343","display_name":"Ningning Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningning Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070096266","display_name":"Zhen Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0152-3300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0152-3300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.0837,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86465719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"8682","last_page":"8693"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.611479640007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5948323607444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5592524409294128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.5590406060218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5117039680480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.44600972533226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3072565197944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17357584834098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13883009552955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08443433046340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.0721704363822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleontology","display_name":"Paleontology","score":0.07027682662010193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.611479640007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5948323607444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5592524409294128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.5590406060218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5117039680480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.44600972533226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3072565197944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17357584834098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13883009552955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08443433046340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0721704363822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.07027682662010193}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3212445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3212445","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09913319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a02aedcfc9d44e4f9d85b8d5b91a0b76","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a02aedcfc9d44e4f9d85b8d5b91a0b76","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Pp 8682-8693 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/3052314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3052314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"8682-8693","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3212445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3212445","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09913319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7041297948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771484","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312433636.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312433636.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1970991873","https://openalex.org/W1982417409","https://openalex.org/W2010980358","https://openalex.org/W2036852440","https://openalex.org/W2067871368","https://openalex.org/W2114191733","https://openalex.org/W2123576693","https://openalex.org/W2229319020","https://openalex.org/W2345773760","https://openalex.org/W2410072516","https://openalex.org/W2412274631","https://openalex.org/W2440986827","https://openalex.org/W2558383552","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2754470632","https://openalex.org/W2761729105","https://openalex.org/W2797392385","https://openalex.org/W2884197231","https://openalex.org/W2891665163","https://openalex.org/W2901497416","https://openalex.org/W2907738775","https://openalex.org/W2913475014","https://openalex.org/W2972415975","https://openalex.org/W2973851693","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W3012494314","https://openalex.org/W3015072278","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3021818817","https://openalex.org/W3032659302","https://openalex.org/W3038740996","https://openalex.org/W3043944662","https://openalex.org/W3048194731","https://openalex.org/W3115194765","https://openalex.org/W3121308055","https://openalex.org/W3122830743","https://openalex.org/W3123954741","https://openalex.org/W3216995415","https://openalex.org/W4206829487","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6750505841","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6780945792"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389574804","https://openalex.org/W2329386257","https://openalex.org/W3016928466","https://openalex.org/W2936725271","https://openalex.org/W2503350049","https://openalex.org/W3150655618","https://openalex.org/W3108295644","https://openalex.org/W1578717197","https://openalex.org/W4399442168","https://openalex.org/W2114282491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Individual":[0],"tree":[1,56,84,147,166],"segmentation":[2,63,68,76,94,174],"in":[3,29,35],"forest":[4,10],"scenes":[5],"provides":[6],"a":[7,51,61],"foundation":[8],"for":[9,21,54],"ecosystem":[11],"modeling":[12],"and":[13,42,65,85,102,110,129,172,189,193],"biodiversity":[14],"assessment":[15],"applications.":[16],"Existing":[17],"approaches":[18],"work":[19],"well":[20],"the":[22,36,71,74,79,83,89,92,119,124,131,138,155,162,165,186],"cases":[23],"where":[24],"trees":[25,144],"do":[26],"not":[27],"grow":[28],"layers.":[30],"However,":[31],"they":[32],"may":[33],"fail":[34],"scenario":[37],"with":[38],"understory":[39,120],"vegetation":[40,121],"occlusion":[41],"heavily":[43],"overlapped":[44],"crowns.":[45],"In":[46,70,88],"this":[47],"work,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"two-stage":[52],"solution":[53],"individual":[55,170],"segmentation.":[57],"This":[58],"method":[59,139,184],"combines":[60],"semantic":[62,75,108],"module":[64,95],"an":[66,169],"instance":[67,93],"module.":[69],"first":[72],"stage,":[73,91],"network":[77,109,113],"classifies":[78],"point":[80],"clouds":[81],"into":[82],"non-tree":[86],"points.":[87],"second":[90],"is":[96],"utilized":[97],"by":[98,177],"incorporating":[99],"object":[100,111,141,159],"detection":[101,112,142,160],"post-processing":[103],"refinement.":[104],"The":[105],"combination":[106],"of":[107,126,134,140,164,168],"roughly":[114],"extracts":[115],"trees,":[116,128],"filters":[117],"out":[118],"that":[122,182],"affects":[123],"extraction":[125,132,143,148],"small":[127,135],"improves":[130],"probability":[133],"trees.":[136],"Meanwhile,":[137],"can":[145],"solve":[146],"omissions":[149],"due":[150],"to":[151],"unclear":[152],"stems.":[153],"For":[154],"overlap":[156],"crown,":[157],"first,":[158],"limits":[161],"border":[163],"crown":[167],"tree,":[171],"further":[173],"was":[175],"implemented":[176],"refining":[178],"clustering.":[179],"Experiments":[180],"show":[181],"our":[183],"solves":[185],"above":[187],"problems":[188],"achieves":[190],"state-of-the-art":[191],"completeness":[192],"mean":[194],"accuracy":[195],"performances":[196],"on":[197],"benchmark":[198],"datasets.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}