{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312827004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210707","title":"FTC-Net: Fusion of Transformer and CNN Features for Infrared Small Target Detection","display_name":"FTC-Net: Fusion of Transformer and CNN Features for Infrared Small Target Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312827004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3210707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210707","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09912644.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09912644.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073550769","display_name":"Meibin Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9074-211X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meibin Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000011106","display_name":"Liu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-8209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-8209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102004911","display_name":"Shuo Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8052-3877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8052-3877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100728988","display_name":"Yimin Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015425431","display_name":"Kunyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9544-3303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9544-3303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100306522","display_name":"Yanfang Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanfang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451524","display_name":"Xiaohong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1187-2042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1187-2042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073550769"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":55.2578,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99871131,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"8613","last_page":"8623"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.788475513458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.631483793258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6286156177520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5853217840194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5766199827194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.46272411942481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45979994535446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.44658780097961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.08813926577568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07040879130363464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.788475513458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.631483793258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6286156177520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5853217840194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5766199827194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.46272411942481995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45979994535446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.44658780097961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.08813926577568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07040879130363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3210707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210707","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09912644.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5459db903a434c8680f62f4f941be22f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5459db903a434c8680f62f4f941be22f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Pp 8613-8623 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3210707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210707","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09912644.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"},{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3046206986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6227072073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6064834736","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u590d\u6742\u573a\u666f\u884c\u4eba\u518d\u8bc6\u522b\u82e5\u5e72\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7101555927","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JZ2021HGQA0222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312827004.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312827004.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1944398187","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2041888557","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2344310038","https://openalex.org/W2407220925","https://openalex.org/W2537662059","https://openalex.org/W2544366167","https://openalex.org/W2572565490","https://openalex.org/W2578504242","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2734434825","https://openalex.org/W2741058951","https://openalex.org/W2745102798","https://openalex.org/W2780449407","https://openalex.org/W2782405382","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2791312173","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2918460136","https://openalex.org/W2942839421","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2977377165","https://openalex.org/W2981068491","https://openalex.org/W2990235934","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3014054456","https://openalex.org/W3044393424","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3121523901","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3133696297","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3170841864","https://openalex.org/W3204166336","https://openalex.org/W4214654781","https://openalex.org/W4214891830","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6790275670","https://openalex.org/W6790690058"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W2947043951","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2963690996","https://openalex.org/W4309346246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Single-frame":[0],"infrared":[1,34],"small":[2,20,35,63,104],"target":[3,36,128],"detection":[4,37],"is":[5,171],"still":[6],"a":[7,75,93,139,159],"challenging":[8],"task":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,28,98,113,144],"the":[12,31,58,69,146,168,175,178],"complex":[13],"background":[14,124],"and":[15,38,65,81,126,133,155,173],"unobvious":[16],"structural":[17],"characteristics":[18],"of":[19,33,79,86,103,149,177],"targets.":[21,105],"Recently,":[22],"convolutional":[23],"neural":[24],"networks":[25],"(CNN)":[26],"began":[27],"appear":[29],"in":[30],"field":[32],"have":[39],"been":[40],"widely":[41],"used":[42],"for":[43],"excellent":[44],"performance.":[45],"However,":[46],"existing":[47],"CNN-based":[48,90],"methods":[49],"mainly":[50],"focus":[51],"on":[52,158],"local":[53,101,132],"spatial":[54],"features":[55],"while":[56],"ignoring":[57],"long-range":[59,115],"contextual":[60,116],"dependencies":[61],"between":[62],"targets":[64],"backgrounds.":[66],"To":[67,130],"capture":[68],"global":[70,134],"context-aware":[71],"information,":[72],"we":[73,137],"propose":[74],"fusion":[76,141],"network":[77],"architecture":[78],"Transformer":[80,120],"CNN":[82],"(FTC-Net),":[83],"which":[84],"consists":[85],"two":[87,150],"branches.":[88,151],"The":[89,106,119],"branch":[91,108,121,170],"uses":[92],"U-Net":[94],"with":[95,182],"skip":[96],"connections":[97],"obtain":[99,131],"low-level":[100],"details":[102],"Transformer-based":[107,169],"applies":[109],"hierarchical":[110],"self-attention":[111],"mechanisms":[112],"learn":[114],"dependencies.":[117],"Specifically,":[118],"can":[122],"suppress":[123],"interferences":[125],"enhance":[127],"features.":[129],"feature":[135,140,147],"representation,":[136],"design":[138],"module":[142],"(FFM)":[143],"realize":[145],"concentration":[148],"We":[152],"implement":[153],"ablation":[154],"comparative":[156],"experiments":[157],"publicly":[160],"accessed":[161],"SIRST":[162],"dataset.":[163],"Experimental":[164],"results":[165],"show":[166],"that":[167],"effective":[172],"suggest":[174],"superiority":[176],"proposed":[179],"FTC-Net":[180],"compared":[181],"other":[183],"state-of-the-art":[184],"methods.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-06-07T08:38:57.713557","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}