{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312285240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210491","title":"A Deep-Learning-Based Microwave Radiative Transfer Emulator for Data Assimilation and Remote Sensing","display_name":"A Deep-Learning-Based Microwave Radiative Transfer Emulator for Data Assimilation and Remote Sensing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312285240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210491"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3210491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210491","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058466855","display_name":"Xingming Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-0509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingming Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISESS, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-0509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISESS, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032548769","display_name":"Kevin Garrett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7444-4363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089050","display_name":"NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/007qwym43","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133019","display_name":"NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn06t56","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050","https://openalex.org/I4210133019"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Garrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Satellite Applications and Research, National Environmental Satellite Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA, College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research, National Environmental Satellite Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133019","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037034567","display_name":"Quanhua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-351X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089050","display_name":"NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/007qwym43","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133019","display_name":"NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn06t56","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050","https://openalex.org/I4210133019"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanhua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Satellite Applications and Research, National Environmental Satellite Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA, College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-351X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research, National Environmental Satellite Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133019","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102975929","display_name":"Eric S. Maddy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157613","display_name":"Riverside Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05ey1mh42","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric S. Maddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Riverside Technology Inc., College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0453-6569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Riverside Technology Inc., College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089411655","display_name":"Kayo Ide","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5789-9326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kayo Ide","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5789-9326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011921647","display_name":"Sid\u2010Ahmed Boukabara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-3806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089050","display_name":"NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/007qwym43","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sid Boukabara","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Office of Systems Architecture and Advanced Planning, NESDIS, NOAA, College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-3806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Office of Systems Architecture and Advanced Planning, NESDIS, NOAA, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":2.8475,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9075048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"8819","last_page":"8833"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"Brightness temperature","score":0.5624989867210388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.5299131870269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47990310192108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4711892604827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-weather-prediction","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","score":0.4628308117389679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-radiative-transfer-codes","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","score":0.4567192792892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.44924965500831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4438975155353546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"Data assimilation","score":0.4276425242424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.3802565336227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19080457091331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1473020315170288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1034436821937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08301934599876404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.5624989867210388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.5299131870269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47990310192108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4711892604827881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.4628308117389679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353151","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","level":3,"score":0.4567192792892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.44924965500831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4438975155353546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.4276425242424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.3802565336227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19080457091331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1473020315170288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1034436821937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08301934599876404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3210491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ccffd16add5d40bfbf5f40ac2d7f6394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ccffd16add5d40bfbf5f40ac2d7f6394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Pp 8819-8833 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3210491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3210491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4916175152","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA20OAR4600287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5330321839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA19NES4320002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988045084","https://openalex.org/W1999094416","https://openalex.org/W1999901569","https://openalex.org/W2010341850","https://openalex.org/W2019457529","https://openalex.org/W2023793984","https://openalex.org/W2027986230","https://openalex.org/W2054883571","https://openalex.org/W2081556735","https://openalex.org/W2107389842","https://openalex.org/W2116362051","https://openalex.org/W2144025639","https://openalex.org/W2158630109","https://openalex.org/W2168317491","https://openalex.org/W2176178328","https://openalex.org/W2178699476","https://openalex.org/W2212242068","https://openalex.org/W2752566544","https://openalex.org/W2908679183","https://openalex.org/W2948659506","https://openalex.org/W2996209647","https://openalex.org/W2997740738","https://openalex.org/W3013229294","https://openalex.org/W3088991477","https://openalex.org/W3109071147","https://openalex.org/W3120484784","https://openalex.org/W3128630349","https://openalex.org/W3173661693","https://openalex.org/W3194988337","https://openalex.org/W4244867248","https://openalex.org/W6775349354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2184710923","https://openalex.org/W3211629817","https://openalex.org/W2355132867","https://openalex.org/W621650632","https://openalex.org/W788509307","https://openalex.org/W2886196490","https://openalex.org/W2548035599","https://openalex.org/W4248415567","https://openalex.org/W1980785126","https://openalex.org/W2042943922"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,65,110],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,71],"introduce":[4],"a":[5,125],"fully":[6],"connected":[7],"deep":[8],"neural":[9],"network":[10],"algorithm":[11],"to":[12,48,67,77,112],"emulate":[13],"the":[14,26,60,63,68,73,85,96,114,129,155,164,167,172,197,216],"Community":[15],"Cadiative":[16],"Transfer":[17],"Model":[18],"(FCDN_CRTM)":[19],"simulation":[20],"of":[21,55,62,124,166,183,196],"brightness":[22],"temperatures":[23],"(BTs)":[24],"from":[25,84,95],"Advanced":[27],"Technology":[28],"Microwave":[29,219],"Sounder":[30],"(ATMS)":[31],"channels":[32],"for":[33,88,140,146,205],"clear-sky":[34],"cases":[35],"over":[36],"ocean":[37],"surfaces.":[38],"The":[39,144,194],"FCDN_CRTM":[40,108,115,168,198],"fine-tuned":[41],"through":[42],"three":[43],"sensitivity":[44],"experiments":[45],"with":[46,75,178],"respect":[47,76],"sample-size":[49],"determination,":[50],"model":[51,173,202],"separation,":[52],"and":[53,79,100,128,137,150,190,200,210],"introduction":[54],"novel":[56],"features":[57],"toward":[58],"improving":[59],"accuracy":[61],"model.":[64],"addition":[66],"BT":[69],"simulation,":[70],"evaluated":[72],"Jacobians":[74,174,180],"surface":[78,93,184],"atmospheric":[80],"parameters.":[81],"Atmosphere":[82],"profiles":[83],"European":[86],"Centre":[87],"Medium-Range":[89],"Weather":[90],"Forecasts,":[91],"sea":[92],"temperature":[94],"Canadian":[97],"Meteorology":[98],"Centre,":[99],"ATMS":[101,142],"sensor":[102],"data":[103,208],"records":[104],"were":[105,120,134,152],"used":[106],"as":[107,215],"inputs.":[109],"comparison":[111],"CRTM,":[113],"minus":[116],"CRTM":[117,179],"mean":[118,148],"biases":[119],"within":[121],"several":[122],"hundredths":[123],"Kelvin":[126],"(K),":[127],"corresponding":[130],"standard":[131],"deviations":[132],"(SDs)":[133],"between":[135],"0.05":[136],"0.15":[138],"K":[139],"all":[141],"bands.":[143],"accuracies":[145],"both":[147],"bias":[149],"SD":[151],"consistent":[153],"throughout":[154],"evaluation":[156],"period,":[157],"which":[158],"spanned":[159],"approximately":[160],"1":[161],"year":[162],"beyond":[163],"period":[165],"training":[169],"dataset.":[170],"Furthermore,":[171],"generally":[175],"compared":[176],"well":[177],"in":[181,207],"terms":[182],"temperature,":[185,189],"wind":[186],"speed,":[187],"air":[188],"(log)":[191],"water":[192],"vapor.":[193],"performance":[195],"forward":[199],"Jacobian":[201],"indicate":[203],"potential":[204],"use":[206],"assimilation":[209],"physical":[211],"retrieval":[212],"systems,":[213],"such":[214],"NOAA":[217],"operational":[218],"Integrated":[220],"Retrieval":[221],"System.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}