{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286579589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3193024","title":"An Optical Flow Approach to Tracking Ship Track Behavior Using GOES-R Satellite Imagery","display_name":"An Optical Flow Approach to Tracking Ship Track Behavior Using GOES-R Satellite Imagery","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286579589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3193024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3193024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3193024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3193024","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040696649","display_name":"Kelsie M. Larson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5239-5185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelsie M. Larson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002437164","display_name":"Lyndsay Shand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1731-3834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyndsay Shand","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1731-3834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010549500","display_name":"Andrea Staid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6125-5814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Staid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001293099","display_name":"Skyler Gray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7857-2215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100005738","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100005738"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Skyler Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories and Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7857-2215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories and Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100005738","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031891775","display_name":"Erika Roesler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9702-1737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika L. Roesler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041982577","display_name":"Don Lyons","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don Lyons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":1.1325,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76079209,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"6272","last_page":"6282"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geostationary-orbit","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","score":0.6730706095695496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6455507874488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"Optical flow","score":0.5697009563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5591113567352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5453751087188721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5147387981414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.5003149509429932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-model","display_name":"Atmospheric model","score":0.4780291020870209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4472695589065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4280533790588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-forcing","display_name":"Radiative forcing","score":0.42186835408210754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.41036924719810486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerosol","display_name":"Aerosol","score":0.2846466898918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26598066091537476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17475464940071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1658887267112732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11901560425758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.09501779079437256}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16405173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192316","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","level":3,"score":0.6730706095695496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6455507874488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155542232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736111","display_name":"Optical flow","level":3,"score":0.5697009563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5591113567352295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5453751087188721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5147387981414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.5003149509429932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.4780291020870209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4472695589065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4280533790588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99578197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1463606","display_name":"Radiative forcing","level":3,"score":0.42186835408210754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41036924719810486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.2846466898918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26598066091537476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17475464940071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1658887267112732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11901560425758362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.09501779079437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3193024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3193024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77fecd932edf46bf8d386392db920804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77fecd932edf46bf8d386392db920804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Pp 6272-6282 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1880895","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1880895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1880896","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1880896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1883192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1883192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3193024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3193024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485504984","https://openalex.org/W1578285471","https://openalex.org/W1975196041","https://openalex.org/W1986821446","https://openalex.org/W1995328186","https://openalex.org/W2007076394","https://openalex.org/W2008218566","https://openalex.org/W2009563207","https://openalex.org/W2020546855","https://openalex.org/W2028189535","https://openalex.org/W2034954190","https://openalex.org/W2053432263","https://openalex.org/W2059612594","https://openalex.org/W2064943738","https://openalex.org/W2084542478","https://openalex.org/W2098677588","https://openalex.org/W2099258094","https://openalex.org/W2104442958","https://openalex.org/W2111794548","https://openalex.org/W2112529814","https://openalex.org/W2124211486","https://openalex.org/W2130103520","https://openalex.org/W2131747574","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2147253850","https://openalex.org/W2147872507","https://openalex.org/W2153139826","https://openalex.org/W2155302366","https://openalex.org/W2171355244","https://openalex.org/W2225887246","https://openalex.org/W2256732691","https://openalex.org/W2358025678","https://openalex.org/W2405493398","https://openalex.org/W2768540558","https://openalex.org/W2887843790","https://openalex.org/W2887947886","https://openalex.org/W2949986381","https://openalex.org/W2954315520","https://openalex.org/W2984072297","https://openalex.org/W2996122637","https://openalex.org/W3017230658","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3042893675","https://openalex.org/W4200123451","https://openalex.org/W4224277891","https://openalex.org/W4226376242","https://openalex.org/W6666244458","https://openalex.org/W6677548441","https://openalex.org/W6688647373","https://openalex.org/W6769588581","https://openalex.org/W6789945322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023364053","https://openalex.org/W137969429","https://openalex.org/W2372577889","https://openalex.org/W2348416959","https://openalex.org/W3183138738","https://openalex.org/W2069341891","https://openalex.org/W2318985527","https://openalex.org/W2388584362","https://openalex.org/W3011549223","https://openalex.org/W3208447964"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0,52],"emissions":[1],"can":[2,54,89,110],"form":[3],"linear":[4,200],"cloud":[5],"structures,":[6],"or":[7],"<italic":[8],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[9],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ship":[10],"tracks</i>":[11],",":[12],"when":[13],"atmospheric":[14,74,86,156],"water":[15],"vapor":[16],"condenses":[17],"on":[18,69],"aerosols":[19,129],"in":[20,173],"the":[21,58,65,70,80,125,160,168,177,188],"ship":[22,171,195],"exhaust.":[23],"These":[24],"structures":[25],"are":[26,31],"of":[27,36,127,162,170,179,182],"interest":[28],"because":[29],"they":[30,131],"observable":[32],"and":[33,73,99,205],"traceable":[34],"examples":[35],"MCB,":[37],"a":[38,45,106],"mechanism":[39],"that":[40,185,194],"has":[41],"been":[42,150],"studied":[43],"as":[44,198],"potential":[46],"approach":[47,122,164,192],"for":[48],"solar":[49],"climate":[50],"intervention.":[51],"tracks":[53,172,196],"be":[55,90],"observed":[56],"throughout":[57],"diurnal":[59],"cycle":[60],"via":[61],"space-borne":[62],"assets":[63],"like":[64],"advanced":[66],"baseline":[67],"imagers":[68],"national":[71],"oceanic":[72],"administration":[75],"geostationary":[76],"operational":[77],"environmental":[78],"satellites,":[79],"GOES-R":[81],"series.":[82],"Due":[83],"to":[84,92,101,113,123,152,165],"complex":[85],"dynamics,":[87],"it":[88],"difficult":[91],"track":[93],"these":[94],"aerosol":[95],"perturbations":[96],"over":[97],"space":[98],"time":[100],"precisely":[102,166],"characterize":[103],"how":[104],"long":[105],"single":[107],"emission":[108],"source":[109],"significantly":[111],"contribute":[112],"indirect":[114],"radiative":[115],"forcing.":[116],"We":[117,158],"propose":[118],"an":[119],"optical":[120,144],"flow":[121,145],"estimate":[124,153],"trajectories":[126],"ship-emitted":[128],"after":[130],"begin":[132],"mixing":[133],"with":[134],"low":[135],"boundary":[136],"layer":[137],"clouds":[138,175,184],"using":[139],"GOES-17":[140],"satellite":[141],"imagery.":[142],"Most":[143],"estimation":[146],"methods":[147],"have":[148],"only":[149],"used":[151],"large":[154,180],"scale":[155],"motion.":[157],"demonstrate":[159],"ability":[161],"our":[163],"isolate":[167],"movement":[169,178],"low-lying":[174],"from":[176],"swaths":[181],"high":[183],"often":[186],"dominate":[187],"scene.":[189],"This":[190],"efficient":[191],"shows":[193],"persist":[197],"visible,":[199],"features":[201],"beyond":[202],"9":[203],"h":[204],"sometimes":[206],"longer":[207],"than":[208],"24":[209],"h.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}