{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293193276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3175961","title":"GNSS TEC-Based Earthquake Ionospheric Perturbation Detection Using a Novel Deep Learning Framework","display_name":"GNSS TEC-Based Earthquake Ionospheric Perturbation Detection Using a Novel Deep Learning Framework","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293193276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3175961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3175961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3175961","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9656571/09779580.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9656571/09779580.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064515030","display_name":"Pan Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-7806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90149893","display_name":"China Earthquake Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/045sza929","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-7806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044528555","display_name":"Cheng Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6806-8405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6806-8405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066119228","display_name":"Huiyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-9840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-9840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635318","display_name":"Xuemin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7462-4463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90149893","display_name":"China Earthquake Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/045sza929","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103163643","display_name":"Xuhui Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9796-9149"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuhui Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9796-9149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":5.9905,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97717317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"4248","last_page":"4263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10110","display_name":"earthquake and tectonic studies","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.9186865091323853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.6465092301368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.6284258961677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.601646363735199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5362009406089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.5231834053993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5027835369110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4798421561717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.4400786757469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35358577966690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3351302444934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.1648446023464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.10819566249847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0828094482421875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.9186865091323853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6465092301368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.6284258961677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.601646363735199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5362009406089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.5231834053993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5027835369110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4798421561717987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.4400786757469177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35358577966690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3351302444934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.1648446023464203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10819566249847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0828094482421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3175961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3175961","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9656571/09779580.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fa1e69cacc994007b42dfea9c42d3ab9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fa1e69cacc994007b42dfea9c42d3ab9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Pp 4248-4263 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/19753636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/GNSS_TEC-based_earthquake_ionospheric_perturbation_detection_using_a_novel_deep_learning_framework/19753636","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2022.3175961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3175961","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9656571/09779580.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2898634333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021IEF0708","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326553","funder_display_name":"China Earthquake Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G78029203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020IEF0510","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326553","funder_display_name":"China Earthquake Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8170740078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021IEF0706","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326553","funder_display_name":"China Earthquake Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8902731180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41674156","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326553","display_name":"China Earthquake Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/045sza929"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293193276.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293193276.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584614207","https://openalex.org/W1970361289","https://openalex.org/W1973077600","https://openalex.org/W1974571360","https://openalex.org/W1980240481","https://openalex.org/W1985479415","https://openalex.org/W1990410498","https://openalex.org/W1993902716","https://openalex.org/W1996067118","https://openalex.org/W1999040421","https://openalex.org/W2009210700","https://openalex.org/W2018979891","https://openalex.org/W2035487274","https://openalex.org/W2042010855","https://openalex.org/W2047479352","https://openalex.org/W2047743013","https://openalex.org/W2050052887","https://openalex.org/W2068904072","https://openalex.org/W2073075422","https://openalex.org/W2080369974","https://openalex.org/W2102972574","https://openalex.org/W2114216426","https://openalex.org/W2129017688","https://openalex.org/W2143305663","https://openalex.org/W2163545874","https://openalex.org/W2166901389","https://openalex.org/W2168156818","https://openalex.org/W2315275190","https://openalex.org/W2464543489","https://openalex.org/W2518604808","https://openalex.org/W2566739155","https://openalex.org/W2582675120","https://openalex.org/W2588920234","https://openalex.org/W2775056555","https://openalex.org/W2804344511","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2973053290","https://openalex.org/W2997808832","https://openalex.org/W3013592816","https://openalex.org/W3033056119","https://openalex.org/W3093941626","https://openalex.org/W3098448671","https://openalex.org/W3119927979","https://openalex.org/W3138125819","https://openalex.org/W3167615694","https://openalex.org/W3169855959","https://openalex.org/W3175562466","https://openalex.org/W4238282971","https://openalex.org/W6679436768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391986911","https://openalex.org/W3012062545","https://openalex.org/W4390484789","https://openalex.org/W2280162962","https://openalex.org/W2170328996","https://openalex.org/W1989070650","https://openalex.org/W2550010074","https://openalex.org/W2770061914","https://openalex.org/W1992137669","https://openalex.org/W2015998036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,186],"article,":[2],"a":[3,22,71,97],"new":[4],"method":[5,109],"for":[6,100],"seismic":[7],"ionospheric":[8,93,116,137],"Global":[9],"Navigation":[10],"Satellite":[11],"System":[12],"(GNSS)":[13],"total":[14],"electron":[15],"content":[16],"(TEC)":[17],"based":[18],"anomaly":[19,102,175,217],"detection":[20,218],"using":[21],"deep":[23],"learning":[24],"framework":[25],"is":[26,39,104,110,183,209],"proposed.":[27,106],"The":[28,48,196],"performance":[29,54,214],"of":[30,43,119,130,192,215],"the":[31,52,80,83,91,108,114,120,128,153,161,170,190,193,213],"proposed":[32,49,194,197],"encoder&#x2013;decoder":[33],"long":[34],"short-term":[35],"memory":[36],"extended":[37],"model":[38,50,198],"compared":[40],"with":[41,173,177],"those":[42],"five":[44],"other":[45],"benchmarking":[46],"predictors.":[47],"achieves":[51,199],"best":[53],"(<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>":[55],"&#x003D;":[56,62],"0.9105":[57],"and":[58,76,133,148,208],"root-mean-square":[59],"error":[60],"(RMSE)":[61],"2.6759)":[63],"in":[64,74,79,160,185,202],"predicting":[65,203],"TEC":[66,117,205],"time":[67,206],"series":[68,207],"data,":[69],"demonstrating":[70],"20&#x0025;":[72],"improvement":[73,78],"<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>":[75],"39.1&#x0025;":[77],"RMSE":[81],"over":[82],"autoregressive":[84],"integrated":[85],"moving":[86],"average":[87],"model.":[88,195],"To":[89],"detect":[90],"pre-earthquake":[92,115],"disturbances":[94],"more":[95],"accurately,":[96],"reasonable":[98],"strategy":[99],"determining":[101],"limits":[103],"also":[105],"Finally,":[107],"applied":[111],"to":[112,158,169,188,211],"analyze":[113],"disturbance":[118],"2016":[121],"Xinjiang":[122],"<i>M</i><sub><i>s</i></sub>":[123],"6.2":[124],"earthquake.":[125,154],"By":[126],"excluding":[127],"effects":[129],"solar":[131],"activity":[132],"geomagnetic":[134],"activity,":[135],"obvious":[136],"anomalies":[138,156,166],"could":[139],"be":[140],"observed,":[141],"occurring":[142],"during":[143],"4&#x2013;8":[144],"days":[145],"prior":[146],"to,":[147],"on":[149],"1":[150],"day":[151],"before,":[152],"Negative":[155],"tended":[157],"occur":[159],"earlier":[162],"period,":[163],"whereas":[164],"positive":[165],"occurred":[167],"closer":[168],"earthquake":[171,216],"time,":[172],"increasing":[174],"intensity":[176],"temporal":[178],"proximity.":[179],"Furthermore,":[180],"confusion":[181],"analysis":[182],"used":[184],"article":[187],"verify":[189],"reliability":[191],"significant":[200],"improvements":[201],"GNSS":[204],"shown":[210],"advance":[212],"technology.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}