{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216995415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3129312","title":"Stratifying Forest Overstory and Understory for 3-D Segmentation Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data","display_name":"Stratifying Forest Overstory and Understory for 3-D Segmentation Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216995415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3129312","mag":"3216995415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3129312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3129312","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09625804.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09625804.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077832052","display_name":"Zengxin Yun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1153-6199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141657","display_name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","ror":"https://ror.org/045yewh40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zengxin Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, 12581 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 210023 (e-mail: yzx_nju@163.com)","International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, 12581 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 210023 (e-mail: yzx_nju@163.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013506158","display_name":"Guang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4118-7804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210023 (e-mail: zhengguang@nju.edu.cn)","International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210023 (e-mail: zhengguang@nju.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077832052"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657","https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.5461,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6284201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"12114","last_page":"12131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/understory","display_name":"Understory","score":0.8800095319747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","score":0.6675291657447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.5913363099098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5568863153457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5401294827461243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5174046754837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4779943525791168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.4124374985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agroforestry","display_name":"Agroforestry","score":0.3460178077220917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33537063002586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19454273581504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19336295127868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.16563642024993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11760386824607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.11196178197860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.08027145266532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07165202498435974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139669111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422666","display_name":"Understory","level":3,"score":0.8800095319747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778400979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143720","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","level":2,"score":0.6675291657447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.5913363099098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5568863153457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5401294827461243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5174046754837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4779943525791168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.4124374985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.3460178077220917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33537063002586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19454273581504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19336295127868652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.16563642024993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11760386824607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.11196178197860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.08027145266532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07165202498435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3129312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3129312","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09625804.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d895ef816df4d6887893224bd8d3094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d895ef816df4d6887893224bd8d3094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Pp 12114-12131 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3129312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3129312","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/4609444/09625804.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6144430044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771374","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216995415.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3216995415.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10195015","https://openalex.org/W1463938680","https://openalex.org/W1492020934","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1904864110","https://openalex.org/W1965286517","https://openalex.org/W1970437612","https://openalex.org/W1970991873","https://openalex.org/W1986104804","https://openalex.org/W2009056258","https://openalex.org/W2010371988","https://openalex.org/W2027319497","https://openalex.org/W2028400108","https://openalex.org/W2032413422","https://openalex.org/W2033827163","https://openalex.org/W2043047386","https://openalex.org/W2050889431","https://openalex.org/W2065030504","https://openalex.org/W2086118991","https://openalex.org/W2114162123","https://openalex.org/W2116920460","https://openalex.org/W2117598208","https://openalex.org/W2118310041","https://openalex.org/W2131058553","https://openalex.org/W2137918794","https://openalex.org/W2152832778","https://openalex.org/W2161746820","https://openalex.org/W2165148193","https://openalex.org/W2165296207","https://openalex.org/W2167705142","https://openalex.org/W2169059815","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2174904160","https://openalex.org/W2176673053","https://openalex.org/W2410072516","https://openalex.org/W2436494909","https://openalex.org/W2440986827","https://openalex.org/W2530953581","https://openalex.org/W2557184153","https://openalex.org/W2578006807","https://openalex.org/W2609825692","https://openalex.org/W2610147853","https://openalex.org/W2736175644","https://openalex.org/W2755608923","https://openalex.org/W2794248050","https://openalex.org/W2794911584","https://openalex.org/W2795713236","https://openalex.org/W2884197231","https://openalex.org/W2900096930","https://openalex.org/W2900438378","https://openalex.org/W2970774509","https://openalex.org/W2992737141","https://openalex.org/W3014353470","https://openalex.org/W3016355987","https://openalex.org/W3115194765","https://openalex.org/W3122830743","https://openalex.org/W3128186415","https://openalex.org/W3143836099","https://openalex.org/W3152882560","https://openalex.org/W4210881201","https://openalex.org/W6600413851","https://openalex.org/W6637131181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3150023752","https://openalex.org/W4366088604","https://openalex.org/W2392720088","https://openalex.org/W3037541221","https://openalex.org/W4310860653","https://openalex.org/W2245793378","https://openalex.org/W2897324391","https://openalex.org/W2293136641","https://openalex.org/W2057096459","https://openalex.org/W1556261626"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AbstractAccurately":[0],"and":[1,19,24,54,67,83,94,115,128,137,188],"rapidly":[2],"segmenting":[3],"tree":[4,52,85],"crowns":[5,53,86],"from":[6,41,72,156],"a":[7,42,182],"three-dimensional":[8],"(3-D)":[9],"perspective":[10,44],"is":[11],"of":[12,59,69],"great":[13],"significance":[14],"to":[15,35,63,126],"precision":[16,186],"forest":[17,47,81,119,139,164,169,175],"management,":[18],"better":[20,105,148],"understand":[21],"the":[22,28,46,65,79,101,108,122,131,173],"carbon":[23],"water":[25],"cycles":[26],"between":[27],"soil-plant-atmosphere":[29],"system.":[30],"However,":[31],"it":[32],"remains":[33],"challenging":[34],"group":[36],"points":[37],"into":[38],"individual":[39,70],"trees":[40,71],"3-D":[43,176],"in":[45,107,130,162],"stand":[48],"with":[49],"highly":[50],"overlapped":[51,84],"abundant":[55],"understory.":[56],"The":[57,167],"objective":[58],"this":[60],"paper":[61],"was":[62],"extract":[64],"overstory":[66],"understory":[68],"terrestrial":[73],"laser":[74],"scanning":[75],"(TLS)":[76],"data":[77,146,159],"considering":[78],"vertical":[80,168],"structure":[82,170],"processing":[87],"strategy":[88],"suitable":[89],"for":[90,135,185],"various":[91],"crown":[92],"shapes":[93],"sizes.":[95],"Our":[96,179],"results":[97,152],"showed":[98],"that:":[99],"(1)":[100],"proposed":[102],"algorithm":[103],"had":[104],"performance":[106],"low":[109],"overlapping":[110,133],"rate":[111,134],"coniferous":[112,136,163],"(F1-score:":[113,117],"0.96)":[114],"broadleaf":[116,138],"0.91)":[118],"stands,":[120],"while":[121],"F1-score":[123],"decreased":[124],"down":[125],"0.89":[127],"0.65":[129],"high":[132],"stand,":[140],"respectively.":[141],"(2)":[142],"A":[143],"multi-station":[144],"TLS":[145,158],"produced":[147],"(F1-scores:":[149,160],"0.85-1)":[150],"segmentation":[151,177],"than":[153],"those":[154],"obtained":[155],"single-station":[157],"0.67-0.83)":[161],"stands.":[165],"(3)":[166],"profiles":[171],"affected":[172],"final":[174],"accuracy.":[178],"work":[180],"provides":[181],"solid":[183],"foundation":[184],"forestry":[187],"natural":[189],"resources":[190],"management.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
