{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213990595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3121992","title":"Towards Operational Flood Monitoring in Flanders Using Sentinel-1","display_name":"Towards Operational Flood Monitoring in Flanders Using Sentinel-1","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213990595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3121992","mag":"3213990595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3121992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3121992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3121992","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011786146","display_name":"Lisa Landuyt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7905-4882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Landuyt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","Remote Sensing | Spatial Analysis Lab (REMOSA), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7905-4882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing | Spatial Analysis Lab (REMOSA), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112613245","display_name":"Frieke M.B. Van Coillie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frieke M. B. Van Coillie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing | Spatial Analysis Lab (REMOSA), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-2144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing | Spatial Analysis Lab (REMOSA), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063876266","display_name":"Bram Vogels","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145984","display_name":"Flanders Environment Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/04f41jv37","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800538200","https://openalex.org/I4210145984"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bram Vogels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flanders Environment Agency, Aalst, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flanders Environment Agency, Aalst, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005336858","display_name":"Joost Dewelde","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145984","display_name":"Flanders Environment Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/04f41jv37","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800538200","https://openalex.org/I4210145984"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost Dewelde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flanders Environment Agency, Aalst, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flanders Environment Agency, Aalst, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056787306","display_name":"Niko E. C. Verhoest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-8881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niko E. C. Verhoest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-8881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":1.8412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84884636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"11004","last_page":"11018"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7035291790962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-myth","display_name":"Flood myth","score":0.6867150664329529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6510910391807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6094456315040588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flooding","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","score":0.6043026447296143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.47659772634506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.434510737657547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4295758903026581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.42518284916877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.42091965675354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.2687835991382599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2619759738445282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16920563578605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1267772614955902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08508157730102539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.7035291790962219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.6867150664329529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6510910391807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6094456315040588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6043026447296143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.47659772634506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.434510737657547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4295758903026581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.42518284916877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.42091965675354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2687835991382599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2619759738445282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16920563578605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1267772614955902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08508157730102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3121992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3121992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8735749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8735749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2151-1535","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5cdb7da637d0445da0cae8c975bf48d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5cdb7da637d0445da0cae8c975bf48d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Pp 11004-11018 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3121992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3121992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6922727914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G.0179.16N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508404128","https://openalex.org/W1524502237","https://openalex.org/W1970672417","https://openalex.org/W1979087322","https://openalex.org/W1982188349","https://openalex.org/W1993345130","https://openalex.org/W2025785651","https://openalex.org/W2027091505","https://openalex.org/W2033117719","https://openalex.org/W2035734375","https://openalex.org/W2050196426","https://openalex.org/W2053014646","https://openalex.org/W2060962059","https://openalex.org/W2094202273","https://openalex.org/W2119911758","https://openalex.org/W2127256149","https://openalex.org/W2138002125","https://openalex.org/W2138644576","https://openalex.org/W2147771508","https://openalex.org/W2149960531","https://openalex.org/W2166297136","https://openalex.org/W2263939926","https://openalex.org/W2296498075","https://openalex.org/W2462089918","https://openalex.org/W2472563594","https://openalex.org/W2507587848","https://openalex.org/W2508329103","https://openalex.org/W2540820653","https://openalex.org/W2604199742","https://openalex.org/W2617984405","https://openalex.org/W2633722567","https://openalex.org/W2725735250","https://openalex.org/W2751895300","https://openalex.org/W2763035258","https://openalex.org/W2769757457","https://openalex.org/W2804794719","https://openalex.org/W2808945524","https://openalex.org/W2810761072","https://openalex.org/W2886312349","https://openalex.org/W2886498599","https://openalex.org/W2895854890","https://openalex.org/W2901919361","https://openalex.org/W2910531141","https://openalex.org/W2921776107","https://openalex.org/W2936361621","https://openalex.org/W2967509619","https://openalex.org/W2975562661","https://openalex.org/W2995256253","https://openalex.org/W3003923526","https://openalex.org/W3021138151","https://openalex.org/W3090288395","https://openalex.org/W3095344569","https://openalex.org/W3132991812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542224353","https://openalex.org/W1661087619","https://openalex.org/W2116854923","https://openalex.org/W2750730210","https://openalex.org/W2236974868","https://openalex.org/W4312766348","https://openalex.org/W4233939244","https://openalex.org/W2730764323","https://openalex.org/W3123806511","https://openalex.org/W1976727107"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"floods":[1,82],"pose":[2],"an":[3,51,89],"increasing":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,33,80,172],"our":[7],"society,":[8],"insights":[9],"into":[10],"their":[11,34],"occurrence":[12],"and":[13,29,44,57,66,88,100,108,117,136,152,159,168,182],"dynamics":[14],"are":[15,50,146,180,187],"of":[16,26,36,41,64,178],"major":[17],"importance":[18],"for":[19,54,70,91,184],"emergency":[20],"relief,":[21],"damage":[22],"assessment,":[23,155],"the":[24,62,165],"optimization":[25],"predictive":[27],"models,":[28],"spatial":[30],"planning.":[31],"Due":[32],"capability":[35,79],"providing":[37],"synoptic":[38],"observations":[39],"independent":[40],"cloud":[42],"cover":[43],"daylight,":[45],"synthetic-aperture":[46],"radar":[47],"(SAR)":[48],"sensors":[49],"invaluable":[52],"tool":[53],"flood":[55,72,118,161],"mapping":[56],"monitoring.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"study,":[61],"potential":[63],"SAR,":[65],"more":[67],"specifically":[68],"Sentinel-1,":[69],"automated":[71,92],"monitoring":[73,93],"in":[74],"Flanders":[75],"is":[76,86,94],"assessed.":[77],"Its":[78],"detect":[81],"with":[83],"varying":[84],"characteristics":[85],"investigated,":[87],"approach":[90],"presented.":[95],"This":[96],"approach,":[97],"combining":[98],"thresholding":[99],"region":[101],"growing,":[102],"requires":[103],"a":[104],"SAR":[105],"image":[106],"pair":[107],"several":[109],"ancillary":[110],"data":[111],"layers,":[112],"including":[113],"elevation,":[114],"land":[115],"cover,":[116],"risk,":[119],"as":[120,148],"input.":[121],"The":[122],"resulting":[123],"map":[124],"discriminates":[125],"permanent":[126],"water,":[127],"open":[128],"flooding,":[129,131,133],"long-term":[130],"possible":[132],"flooded":[134,138],"vegetation,":[135],"possibly":[137],"forests":[139],"from":[140],"dry":[141],"land.":[142],"Invisible":[143],"forested":[144],"areas":[145],"indicated":[147],"well.":[149],"A":[150],"quantitative":[151],"qualitative":[153],"accuracy":[154,170],"based":[156],"on":[157],"17":[158],"138":[160],"maps,":[162],"respectively,":[163],"highlights":[164],"approach's":[166],"robustness":[167],"improved":[169],"compared":[171],"benchmark":[173],"techniques.":[174],"Furthermore,":[175],"main":[176],"sources":[177],"confusion":[179],"identified":[181],"suggestions":[183],"future":[185],"improvements":[186],"listed.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}