{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3191471861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3100748","title":"Delineation of Individual Tree Crowns Using High Spatial Resolution Multispectral WorldView-3 Satellite Imagery","display_name":"Delineation of Individual Tree Crowns Using High Spatial Resolution Multispectral WorldView-3 Satellite Imagery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3191471861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3100748","mag":"3191471861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3100748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3100748","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9314330/09502000.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9314330/09502000.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077048862","display_name":"Fei Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6056-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081669832","display_name":"Hengjian Tong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengjian Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009759847","display_name":"Rakesh Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5992-5348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakesh Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356830","display_name":"Yun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-1751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":1.2824,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76966415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"7751","last_page":"7761"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.8285210132598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7837346196174622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.6524019241333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.6127134561538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5706299543380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5531788468360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.45930469036102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39929527044296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3708028197288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.292957067489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10898149013519287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8285210132598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7837346196174622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.6524019241333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.6127134561538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5706299543380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5531788468360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.45930469036102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39929527044296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3708028197288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.292957067489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10898149013519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3100748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3100748","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9314330/09502000.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f59be94992694e8ca280a1f05adc937a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f59be94992694e8ca280a1f05adc937a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Pp 7751-7761 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3100748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3100748","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9314330/09502000.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5404661077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41171339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7593523400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CPI: 1240316","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191471861.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191471861.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106317687","https://openalex.org/W1521453471","https://openalex.org/W1963610961","https://openalex.org/W1981897942","https://openalex.org/W1984839778","https://openalex.org/W1984956136","https://openalex.org/W1990503995","https://openalex.org/W1993956929","https://openalex.org/W1994434338","https://openalex.org/W1995030392","https://openalex.org/W2027532349","https://openalex.org/W2028400108","https://openalex.org/W2033421621","https://openalex.org/W2036816056","https://openalex.org/W2042732274","https://openalex.org/W2084382156","https://openalex.org/W2086118991","https://openalex.org/W2090435005","https://openalex.org/W2096002337","https://openalex.org/W2107250927","https://openalex.org/W2121882571","https://openalex.org/W2124260943","https://openalex.org/W2135679817","https://openalex.org/W2156484002","https://openalex.org/W2159105546","https://openalex.org/W2165868057","https://openalex.org/W2291940322","https://openalex.org/W2316194814","https://openalex.org/W2317191508","https://openalex.org/W2324285853","https://openalex.org/W2342299051","https://openalex.org/W2345897022","https://openalex.org/W2440986827","https://openalex.org/W2528481178","https://openalex.org/W2562046530","https://openalex.org/W2591864944","https://openalex.org/W2606306511","https://openalex.org/W2896206172","https://openalex.org/W2903224593","https://openalex.org/W2981849677","https://openalex.org/W2994562317","https://openalex.org/W3005872463","https://openalex.org/W3016355987","https://openalex.org/W3151633797","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6604338981","https://openalex.org/W6631250973","https://openalex.org/W6677946207","https://openalex.org/W6756797734","https://openalex.org/W6769377118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318664220","https://openalex.org/W2771047279","https://openalex.org/W4388409104","https://openalex.org/W2124951708","https://openalex.org/W1544811710","https://openalex.org/W172072032","https://openalex.org/W2006066416","https://openalex.org/W2011962637","https://openalex.org/W2163677711","https://openalex.org/W2383151488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Delineation":[0],"of":[1,43,55,131,148,176,204,211],"individual":[2,74],"tree":[3,24,75,94,125],"crowns":[4,76],"can":[5,29],"provide":[6],"valuable":[7],"information":[8,122],"for":[9,99,228],"sustainable":[10],"forest":[11],"management":[12],"and":[13,208],"environmental":[14],"protection.":[15],"However,":[16],"it":[17,216],"is":[18,89,102,138,217],"hard":[19],"to":[20,72,91,140],"find":[21],"a":[22,64,105],"reliable":[23,227],"crown":[25,95,126],"delineation":[26,57,151,153,177,206,213],"method":[27,65,166,199],"that":[28,50,167,196,219],"continually":[30],"generate":[31],"expected":[32],"results":[33,154,178,190],"in":[34,111,171,191,202],"high":[35,78],"spatial":[36,79,116,132,222],"resolution":[37,80],"multispectral":[38,81],"satellite":[39,83],"images,":[40],"because":[41,173],"most":[42],"the":[44,53,56,68,100,121,129,136,146,149,161,174,197,212,220],"existing":[45],"methods":[46],"need":[47],"user-assigned":[48,186],"parameters":[49],"greatly":[51],"affect":[52],"quality":[54,175,210],"results.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"article,":[61],"we":[62],"propose":[63],"based":[66],"on":[67,185],"marker-controlled":[69,112],"watershed":[70,113],"segmentation":[71,114,164],"delineate":[73],"using":[77],"WorldView-3":[82],"imagery.":[84],"A":[85],"gradient":[86],"binarization":[87,101],"process":[88],"proposed":[90,150,170,198],"accurately":[92],"locate":[93],"borders.":[96,127],"The":[97,188],"threshold":[98],"determined":[103],"by":[104,124,180],"supervised":[106],"searching":[107],"process.":[108],"Markers":[109],"used":[110],"are":[115,155,225],"local":[117,133,223],"maxima":[118,134,224],"detected":[119],"from":[120,135,160],"provided":[123],"Moreover,":[128,215],"definition":[130],"literature":[137,172],"improved":[139],"eliminate":[141],"false":[142],"treetops.":[143,230],"To":[144],"validate":[145],"performance":[147],"method,":[152],"compared":[156],"with":[157],"those":[158],"obtained":[159],"spectral":[162],"angle":[163],"(SAS)":[165],"has":[168],"been":[169],"generated":[179],"SAS":[181,201],"does":[182],"not":[183],"rely":[184],"parameters.":[187],"experiment":[189],"two":[192],"test":[193],"images":[194],"demonstrate":[195],"outperforms":[200],"terms":[203],"both":[205],"accuracy":[207],"visual":[209],"map.":[214],"proved":[218],"modified":[221],"more":[226],"detecting":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T08:28:00.272161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}