{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137181424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3067349","title":"An Auto-Adjusted Kernel Method for Thermal Sharpening With Local and Object-Based Window Strategies","display_name":"An Auto-Adjusted Kernel Method for Thermal Sharpening With Local and Object-Based Window Strategies","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137181424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3067349","mag":"3137181424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3067349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3067349","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9314330/09381584.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9314330/09381584.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101774027","display_name":"Long Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1062-3423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1062-3423","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100337050","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1080-4195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1080-4195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100716311","display_name":"Yunhao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-7303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-7303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101426849","display_name":"Haiping Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2396-1038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiping Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102932191","display_name":"Qiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5720-2338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62853816","display_name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj0p855","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.3567,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5355943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"3659","last_page":"3668"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sharpening","display_name":"Sharpening","score":0.9061170220375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6733011603355408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.6205542087554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/window","display_name":"Window (computing)","score":0.5014441013336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47483116388320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3451964557170868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3203524947166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.280803382396698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.08289062976837158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781137444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237105","display_name":"Sharpening","level":2,"score":0.9061170220375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6733011603355408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.6205542087554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5014441013336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47483116388320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3451964557170868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3203524947166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.280803382396698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.08289062976837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3067349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3067349","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9314330/09381584.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b89c2811375f4dedad8db09863c244b1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b89c2811375f4dedad8db09863c244b1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Pp 3659-3668 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2021.3067349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3067349","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/9314330/09381584.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3920770415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5100173490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"8192025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7033124311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UDC2019031321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325174","funder_display_name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325174","display_name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj0p855"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336561","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Urban Design","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137181424.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137181424.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1096706567","https://openalex.org/W1233292831","https://openalex.org/W1522046140","https://openalex.org/W1972129788","https://openalex.org/W1989539497","https://openalex.org/W1990330790","https://openalex.org/W2002694429","https://openalex.org/W2014630223","https://openalex.org/W2023306858","https://openalex.org/W2026640495","https://openalex.org/W2037499147","https://openalex.org/W2044562303","https://openalex.org/W2051798177","https://openalex.org/W2052530951","https://openalex.org/W2056811372","https://openalex.org/W2067542652","https://openalex.org/W2069281949","https://openalex.org/W2092947670","https://openalex.org/W2116327754","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2118741031","https://openalex.org/W2119204870","https://openalex.org/W2125884013","https://openalex.org/W2129080587","https://openalex.org/W2140628086","https://openalex.org/W2152254169","https://openalex.org/W2172120354","https://openalex.org/W2200350976","https://openalex.org/W2212989384","https://openalex.org/W2301692565","https://openalex.org/W2529488955","https://openalex.org/W2549340854","https://openalex.org/W2585293115","https://openalex.org/W2741291720","https://openalex.org/W2774322389","https://openalex.org/W2790302438","https://openalex.org/W2807743986","https://openalex.org/W2891210461","https://openalex.org/W2900902279","https://openalex.org/W2915231377","https://openalex.org/W2920866345","https://openalex.org/W3020270167","https://openalex.org/W3118522040","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6628200799","https://openalex.org/W6631230401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394436593","https://openalex.org/W3013458534","https://openalex.org/W3010558748","https://openalex.org/W2526815458","https://openalex.org/W4220911053","https://openalex.org/W2380042710","https://openalex.org/W2329932281","https://openalex.org/W2944582722","https://openalex.org/W4377833746","https://openalex.org/W4387102043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thermal":[0],"sharpening":[1,97,237],"expands":[2],"the":[3,11,38,56,106,117,129,136,141,144,148,161,175,192,196,206,213,217,229,232],"application":[4],"of":[5,189,231],"land":[6],"surface":[7],"temperature":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,55,64,84,99,116,140,171,179],"trade-off":[12],"between":[13,208],"spatial":[14],"and":[15,32,45,88,102,113,123,160,204,210,222,240],"temporal":[16],"resolutions.":[17],"Fixed":[18],"kernels":[19,67],"(FK)":[20],"are":[21],"widely":[22],"applied":[23],"in":[24,51,72,95,219,235],"two":[25],"window":[26,29,34,70],"strategies:":[27],"local":[28],"strategies":[30,35],"(LWS)":[31],"object-based":[33],"(OWS).":[36],"However,":[37],"fixed":[39],"regression":[40],"kernel":[41,81,92,244],"effect":[42],"on":[43,154],"LWS":[44,198],"OWS":[46,73,122,149,209,239],"has":[47],"rarely":[48],"been":[49],"considered":[50],"existing":[52],"studies.":[53],"Due":[54],"heterogeneity":[57],"among":[58],"different":[59],"windows,":[60],"it":[61,115],"is":[62,182],"important":[63],"select":[65],"suitable":[66],"for":[68],"each":[69],"either":[71],"or":[74],"LWS.":[75,124,211],"This":[76],"article":[77],"presents":[78],"an":[79,183],"auto-adjusted":[80],"(AAK)":[82],"method":[83,108,119,131,146,194,215,234],"resolve":[85],"this":[86],"issue":[87],"examines":[89],"certain":[90],"simple":[91],"selection":[93,245],"rules":[94],"thermal":[96,236],"aiming":[98],"balance":[100],"accuracy":[101,150,162,199,218],"efficiency.":[103],"We":[104],"test":[105],"AAK":[107,130,145,193,214,233],"with":[109,120,165,186,238],"Landsat":[110],"8":[111],"data":[112],"compare":[114],"FK":[118,137,142],"both":[121],"The":[125],"results":[126],"reveal":[127],"that":[128],"generally":[132],"performs":[133],"better":[134],"than":[135],"method.":[138],"Compared":[139],"method,":[143],"improves":[147],"by":[151,200],"0.283":[152],"K":[153,188,202],"average":[155],"at":[156],"three":[157],"downscaling":[158,167,176],"ratios,":[159],"improvement":[163,185],"increases":[164,216],"increasing":[166],"ratio":[168,177],"(from":[169],"3":[170],"9).":[172],"Especially":[173],"when":[174],"reaches":[178],"9,":[180],"there":[181],"evident":[184],"0.425":[187],"AAK.":[190],"Moreover,":[191],"enhances":[195],"mean":[197],"0.179":[201],"overall":[203],"decreases":[205],"difference":[207],"Furthermore,":[212],"specific":[220],"areas":[221],"reduces":[223],"extreme-value":[224],"points.":[225],"These":[226],"findings":[227],"indicate":[228],"potential":[230],"LWS,":[241],"which":[242],"resolves":[243],"problems.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
