{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3091788783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.3028693","title":"Study on the Exploration of Spaceborne GNSS-R Raw Data Focusing on Altimetry","display_name":"Study on the Exploration of Spaceborne GNSS-R Raw Data Focusing on Altimetry","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3091788783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.3028693","mag":"3091788783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2020.3028693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.3028693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.3028693","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056442815","display_name":"Minfeng Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-032X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minfeng Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-032X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045988979","display_name":"Xiufeng He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5262-1007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiufeng He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5262-1007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101774806","display_name":"Xiaolei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4266-0640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4266-0640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068461192","display_name":"Dongzhen Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9097-5618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongzhen Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062396723","display_name":"Ruya Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3430-0672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruya Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3430-0672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102419803","display_name":"Hongkai Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2095-8166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongkai Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651163","display_name":"Yihao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8026-6105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing, China","School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.8556,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7037614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"6142","last_page":"6154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.870136022567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7450672388076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altimeter","display_name":"Altimeter","score":0.7006694078445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5300378799438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.515070378780365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.48665839433670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4693388044834137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4360593557357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.41728702187538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3827207684516907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10192880034446716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.870136022567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7450672388076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17534553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216197","display_name":"Altimeter","level":2,"score":0.7006694078445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5300378799438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.515070378780365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.48665839433670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4693388044834137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4360593557357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.41728702187538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3827207684516907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10192880034446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2020.3028693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.3028693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e0d98e1ade67487b9f7b2c976ff653f8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e0d98e1ade67487b9f7b2c976ff653f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Pp 6142-6154 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2020.3028693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.3028693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2608193293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42004008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3528217989","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202006710115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5740183897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41830110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G761882337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20190498","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W647704091","https://openalex.org/W1535176033","https://openalex.org/W1607626080","https://openalex.org/W1641514922","https://openalex.org/W1660767182","https://openalex.org/W1664592451","https://openalex.org/W1840723247","https://openalex.org/W1860649799","https://openalex.org/W1964610703","https://openalex.org/W1978220353","https://openalex.org/W2008372148","https://openalex.org/W2020972932","https://openalex.org/W2039721961","https://openalex.org/W2039772544","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2059279594","https://openalex.org/W2074044398","https://openalex.org/W2096453255","https://openalex.org/W2103598124","https://openalex.org/W2126876401","https://openalex.org/W2128284341","https://openalex.org/W2129248900","https://openalex.org/W2166265458","https://openalex.org/W2166411076","https://openalex.org/W2173246082","https://openalex.org/W2232192374","https://openalex.org/W2314970035","https://openalex.org/W2329472099","https://openalex.org/W2418656536","https://openalex.org/W2498685238","https://openalex.org/W2560477285","https://openalex.org/W2593051926","https://openalex.org/W2606512637","https://openalex.org/W2625413745","https://openalex.org/W2745135761","https://openalex.org/W2774201545","https://openalex.org/W2886854197","https://openalex.org/W2904855368","https://openalex.org/W2951285277","https://openalex.org/W2972754538","https://openalex.org/W2979562478","https://openalex.org/W2996474469","https://openalex.org/W2997873483","https://openalex.org/W3007717396","https://openalex.org/W3015893839","https://openalex.org/W3033495353","https://openalex.org/W6621215191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964093098","https://openalex.org/W2412470376","https://openalex.org/W2963447316","https://openalex.org/W4313437384","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W2062843243","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W2369439249","https://openalex.org/W3020980379","https://openalex.org/W3110195467"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,14,48,107,118,121,128,165,168,178,188],"sea":[4,33,39,58,99],"level":[5,59],"determination":[6],"using":[7,153,193],"raw":[8,65,179,194],"intermediate":[9],"frequency":[10],"data":[11,147,180],"transmitted":[12],"from":[13,31,54,177],"Global":[15],"Navigation":[16],"Satellite":[17],"System":[18],"(GNSS)":[19],"and":[20,36,72,120,138],"received":[21],"by":[22,112,151],"spaceborne":[23],"GNSS-Reflectometry":[24],"satellites,":[25],"TechDemoSat-1.":[26],"The":[27,43,63,91,103,132],"reflected":[28],"signals":[29,56],"scattered":[30],"a":[32,37,76,94,113,185],"ice":[34],"surface":[35,40,100],"rough":[38],"are":[41,61,81,181],"investigated.":[42],"altimetry":[44,130,189],"method":[45,115],"based":[46],"on":[47,69],"bistatic":[49],"group":[50],"delay":[51,175],"(code":[52],"phase)":[53],"GNSS":[55],"for":[57,75,187],"estimation":[60],"introduced.":[62],"two":[64],"IF":[66],"datasets":[67],"recorded":[68],"January":[70],"18":[71],"27,":[73],"2015":[74],"duration":[77],"of":[78,106,134,144,190],"40":[79],"s":[80],"analyzed":[82],"to":[83,157,163],"drain":[84],"more":[85,159],"information":[86],"than":[87],"Level":[88,145],"1":[89,146],"data.":[90,195],"results":[92],"show":[93],"good":[95],"consistence":[96],"with":[97],"mean":[98],"(MSS)":[101],"model.":[102],"orbit":[104],"error":[105],"GNSS-R":[108,191],"satellite":[109],"is":[110],"corrected":[111],"proposed":[114],"that":[116],"combines":[117],"MSS":[119],"least":[122],"squares":[123],"solution,":[124],"which":[125,183],"help":[126],"evaluate":[127],"actual":[129],"precision.":[131],"defect":[133],"fixed":[135,139],"temporal":[136],"resolution":[137],"four":[140],"onboard":[141],"processing":[142],"channels":[143],"can":[148],"be":[149],"improved":[150],"postprocessing":[152],"software":[154],"define":[155],"receiver":[156],"mine":[158],"information,":[160],"so":[161],"as":[162],"explore":[164],"potential.":[166],"At":[167],"end,":[169],"fake":[170],"high":[171],"signal-to-noise":[172],"ratio":[173],"Doppler":[174],"maps":[176],"analyzed,":[182],"provides":[184],"reference":[186],"technique":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}