{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3030020370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.2993765","title":"Analysis of Nonstationary Radiometer Gain Using Ensemble Detection","display_name":"Analysis of Nonstationary Radiometer Gain Using Ensemble Detection","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3030020370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.2993765","mag":"3030020370","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32742551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2020.2993765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.2993765","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/8994817/09103263.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/8994817/09103263.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061239916","display_name":"Mustafa Aksoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5452-1862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Aksoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222 USA","University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5452-1862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010587733","display_name":"Hamid Rajabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1893-5619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Rajabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Merced, CA 95343 USA","University of California, Merced, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1893-5619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Merced, CA 95343 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Merced, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052989655","display_name":"P. Racette","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul E. Racette","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA","NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036605562","display_name":"John Bradburn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Bradburn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222 USA","University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":0.8773,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70484958,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"2807","last_page":"2818"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometer","display_name":"Radiometer","score":0.6492754817008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.49431467056274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4582563638687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometry","display_name":"Radiometry","score":0.44357240200042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11281886696815491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120189094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850281","display_name":"Radiometer","level":2,"score":0.6492754817008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.49431467056274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4582563638687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87456703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247760","display_name":"Radiometry","level":2,"score":0.44357240200042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11281886696815491}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2020.2993765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.2993765","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/8994817/09103263.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32742551","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32742551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7b9c4cefa92546af8062900e7e98fb8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7b9c4cefa92546af8062900e7e98fb8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Pp 2807-2818 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6686196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7393976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7393976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7393976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2020.2993765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.2993765","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/8994817/09103263.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G508344995","display_name":"ALL EVENTS IN NATURE FEATURE UNSTEADY CHARACTERISTICS WHEN CONSIDERED OVER SUFFICIENTLY LARGE TEMPORAL OR SPATIAL SCALES. THUS  NASA COMMITS SIGNIFICANT EFFORT AND RESOURCES TO COPE WITH NON-STATIONARY AND NON-LINEAR EFFECTS IN EARTH AND SPACE MISSIONS. THE ENSEMBLE DETECTION THEORY IS A TRANSFORMATIVE  CROSS-CUTTING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY THAT ADDRESSES MEASUREMENT AND DATA PROCESSING CHALLENGES FOR THESE NATURALLY OCCURRING RANDOM EVENTS. IT IS A NOISE ASSISTED DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE WHEREBY ENSEMBLE SETS FOR RANDOM PROCESSES ARE PRODUCED BY MIXING THEIR REALIZATIONS WITH NOISE; AND THESE SETS ARE ADMISSIBLE TO STATISTICAL ANALYSES THAT ARE OTHERWISE NOT POSSIBLE TO IMPLEMENT WITH SINGLE REALIZATIONS. THIS STUDY PROPOSES THE MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENSEMBLE DETECTION THEORY  BUILDING A MATLAB BASED SOFTWARE TOOL CALLED \"ENSEMBLE DETECTOR\" TO IMPLEMENT IT  UTILIZATION OF THE TOOL TO ANALYZE ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AND SPACE-BORNE DOPPLER MEASUREMENTS  AND COMPARISON OF THIS NOVEL APPROACH WITH OTHER NON-STATIONARY SIGNAL ANALYSIS ALGORITHMS AVAILABLE IN LITERATURE. A ONE-YEAR PROGRAM IS PLANNED. IN THE FIRST FOUR (4) MONTHS THE MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ENSEMBLE DETECTION THEORY WILL BE COMPLETED. THE NEXT TWO (2) MONTHS WILL WITNESS THE CREATION OF THE ENSEMBLE DETECTOR TOOL. ANALYSES OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AND DOPPLER MEASUREMENTS USING THE ENSEMBLE DETECTOR  AND THE COMPARISON OF THE ENSEMBLE DETECTION WITH OTHER TECHNIQUES USED TO ANALYZE NON-STATIONARY SIGNALS WILL BE PERFORMED IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE YEAR.","funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K0518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309644","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322037","display_name":"Nuclear Safety and Security Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05qk3ge34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332911","display_name":"University at Albany","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3030020370.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3030020370.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544276015","https://openalex.org/W1568054587","https://openalex.org/W1622838851","https://openalex.org/W1637248278","https://openalex.org/W1979639790","https://openalex.org/W1993963441","https://openalex.org/W2019081904","https://openalex.org/W2027341332","https://openalex.org/W2037054220","https://openalex.org/W2061578497","https://openalex.org/W2069768505","https://openalex.org/W2074313131","https://openalex.org/W2082533294","https://openalex.org/W2088860967","https://openalex.org/W2101715116","https://openalex.org/W2109546733","https://openalex.org/W2123721930","https://openalex.org/W2286648693","https://openalex.org/W2530170433","https://openalex.org/W2734541803","https://openalex.org/W2746911181","https://openalex.org/W2771331427","https://openalex.org/W2886618679","https://openalex.org/W2922395649","https://openalex.org/W2987989438","https://openalex.org/W2990373227","https://openalex.org/W3036331112","https://openalex.org/W3143839440","https://openalex.org/W4256214003","https://openalex.org/W6632671562","https://openalex.org/W6655464562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2174447425","https://openalex.org/W824566898","https://openalex.org/W2511456285","https://openalex.org/W4286279395","https://openalex.org/W2067747968","https://openalex.org/W2120214632","https://openalex.org/W4251278052","https://openalex.org/W1194304211","https://openalex.org/W2340112247","https://openalex.org/W2323978766"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radiometer":[0],"gain":[1,22,51,72,111,128],"is":[2,11,65,79],"generally":[3],"a":[4,81,85,90,97,104],"nonstationary":[5,31,110,151],"random":[6],"process,":[7,121],"even":[8],"though":[9],"it":[10,78],"assumed":[12],"to":[13,44],"be":[14,25,34,53,74,114,131],"strictly":[15,86],"or":[16,89,119,136],"weakly":[17,98,137],"stationary.":[18],"Since":[19],"the":[20,38,49,61,69,109,143,150,156],"radiometer":[21,50,56,71,106],"signal":[23],"cannot":[24],"observed":[26],"independently,":[27],"analysis":[28],"of":[29,41,124,142],"its":[30],"properties":[32],"would":[33],"challenging.":[35],"However,":[36,133],"using":[37],"time":[39],"series":[40],"postgain":[42],"voltages":[43],"form":[45],"an":[46,126],"ensemble":[47,62],"set,":[48],"may":[52],"characterized":[54,76],"via":[55],"calibration.":[57],"In":[58,101],"this":[59],"article,":[60],"detection":[63],"algorithm":[64],"presented":[66],"by":[67],"which":[68,148],"unknown":[70],"can":[73,112,130],"analytically":[75],"when":[77],"following":[80],"Gaussian":[82,118,144],"model":[83,95,129],"(as":[84,96],"stationary":[87,99,135,138],"process)":[88],"1st":[91],"order":[92],"autoregressive,":[93],"AR(1)":[94,120,146],"process).":[100],"addition,":[102],"in":[103],"particular":[105],"calibration":[107,157],"scheme,":[108],"also":[113],"represented":[115],"as":[116],"either":[117],"and":[122,145,159],"parameters":[123,141],"such":[125],"equivalent":[127],"retrieved.":[132],"unlike":[134],"gain,":[139,152],"retrieved":[140],"processes,":[147],"describe":[149],"highly":[153],"depend":[154],"on":[155],"setup":[158],"timings.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}