{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922088567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2019.2900705","title":"CNN-Based Multilayer Spatial\u2013Spectral Feature Fusion and Sample Augmentation With Local and Nonlocal Constraints for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"CNN-Based Multilayer Spatial\u2013Spectral Feature Fusion and Sample Augmentation With Local and Nonlocal Constraints for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922088567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2019.2900705","mag":"2922088567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2019.2900705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2019.2900705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045546082","display_name":"Jie Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8032-7542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8032-7542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073283951","display_name":"Jiantong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9578-735X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiantong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101765012","display_name":"Liguo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5370-3397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liguo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100681906","display_name":"Xianghai Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0997-4664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghai Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0997-4664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049776440","display_name":"Xiangrong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-2042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangrong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-2042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050630882","display_name":"Licheng Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707702","display_name":"Tao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5701-9642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045546082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.4202,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9858579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"1299","last_page":"1313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7571185827255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.7214688658714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7023319005966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6893523931503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.626239538192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6234200596809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5577672123908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5470957159996033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5219394564628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.45695945620536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33323046565055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2771650552749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17660364508628845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7571185827255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.7214688658714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7023319005966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6893523931503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.626239538192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6234200596809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5577672123908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5470957159996033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5219394564628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.45695945620536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33323046565055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2771650552749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17660364508628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2019.2900705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2019.2900705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1149346757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4311743635","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016T90892","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4393970417","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JBX181707","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4677402211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6270178909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61836009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6484524917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015M570816","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8438634340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1948751323","https://openalex.org/W1970714368","https://openalex.org/W1990895816","https://openalex.org/W1992961908","https://openalex.org/W1996213136","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2039409148","https://openalex.org/W2044439250","https://openalex.org/W2066724243","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2076961568","https://openalex.org/W2090424610","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097073572","https://openalex.org/W2097915756","https://openalex.org/W2103094532","https://openalex.org/W2113464037","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2140702875","https://openalex.org/W2144966944","https://openalex.org/W2151288205","https://openalex.org/W2151599207","https://openalex.org/W2152057649","https://openalex.org/W2162698522","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2506684654","https://openalex.org/W2527650001","https://openalex.org/W2546696642","https://openalex.org/W2546942002","https://openalex.org/W2548791488","https://openalex.org/W2562461367","https://openalex.org/W2577238056","https://openalex.org/W2600746131","https://openalex.org/W2602024454","https://openalex.org/W2614256707","https://openalex.org/W2754507318","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2770315464","https://openalex.org/W2782356138","https://openalex.org/W2797706457","https://openalex.org/W2800371750","https://openalex.org/W2807839383","https://openalex.org/W2890945279","https://openalex.org/W3036851801","https://openalex.org/W3103753223","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6780250942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W2490526372","https://openalex.org/W4376166922","https://openalex.org/W4378510483","https://openalex.org/W4221142204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,192],"extraction":[1],"of":[2,14,31],"joint":[3,26],"spatial-spectral":[4,27,41,80,105,122,147],"features":[5,28,106,110,114,123],"has":[6,29],"been":[7],"proved":[8],"to":[9,24,64,103,111,117,126],"improve":[10],"the":[11,35,44,131,138,145,164,169,174,197,205,209,214,229,238,245],"classification":[12,74,151,235,241],"performance":[13,236],"hyperspectral":[15,225],"images":[16],"(HSIs).":[17],"Recently,":[18],"utilizing":[19],"convolutional":[20],"neural":[21],"networks":[22],"(CNNs)":[23],"learn":[25,127],"become":[30],"great":[32],"interest.":[33],"However,":[34],"existing":[36],"CNN":[37,57,70,100],"models":[38,58],"ignore":[39],"complementary":[40,128],"information":[42,129,136,199,216],"among":[43,130],"shallow":[45,116,132],"and":[46,83,88,137,150,158,184,190],"deep":[47,118,139],"layers.":[48,119],"Moreover,":[49],"insufficient":[50],"training":[51,247],"samples":[52,176,203],"in":[53,163,204],"HSIs":[54],"afflict":[55],"these":[56,66],"with":[59,86,134,141,200,217,244],"overfitting":[60],"problem.":[61],"In":[62,96],"order":[63],"address":[65],"problems,":[67],"a":[68,98,155],"novel":[69],"method":[71,231],"for":[72],"HSI":[73],"is":[75,92,101],"proposed.":[76],"It":[77],"considers":[78,196],"multilayer":[79,121,146],"feature":[81,148],"fusion":[82,149],"sample":[84,171],"augmentation":[85],"local":[87,181,210],"nonlocal":[89,185,193,206],"constraints,":[90],"which":[91],"abbreviated":[93],"as":[94],"MSLN-CNN.":[95],"MSLN-CNN,":[97],"triple-architecture":[99],"constructed":[102],"extract":[104],"by":[107],"cascading":[108],"spectral":[109,186,194],"dual-scale":[112],"spatial":[113,182,211],"from":[115],"Then,":[120],"are":[124,152,188],"fused":[125],"layers":[133,140],"detailed":[135],"semantic":[142],"information.":[143],"Finally,":[144],"integrated":[153],"into":[154],"unified":[156],"network,":[157],"MSLN-CNN":[159],"can":[160],"be":[161],"optimized":[162],"end-to-end":[165],"way.":[166],"To":[167],"alleviate":[168],"small":[170],"size":[172],"problem,":[173],"unlabeled":[175],"having":[177],"high":[178],"confidences":[179],"on":[180,223],"constraint":[183,187,195,212],"selected":[189],"prelabeled.":[191],"structure":[198],"spectrally":[201],"similar":[202],"searching,":[207],"while":[208],"utilizes":[213],"contextual":[215],"spatially":[218],"adjacent":[219],"samples.":[220,248],"Experimental":[221],"results":[222],"several":[224],"datasets":[226],"demonstrate":[227],"that":[228],"proposed":[230],"achieves":[232],"more":[233],"encouraging":[234],"than":[237],"current":[239],"state-of-the-art":[240],"methods,":[242],"especially":[243],"limited":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
