{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921215444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2018.2855192","title":"Modeling of Land Surface Thermal Anisotropy Based on Directional and Equivalent Brightness Temperatures Over Complex Terrain","display_name":"Modeling of Land Surface Thermal Anisotropy Based on Directional and Equivalent Brightness Temperatures Over Complex Terrain","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921215444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2018.2855192","mag":"2921215444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2018.2855192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2018.2855192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012922824","display_name":"Zhonghu Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5168-9683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhong-Hu Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107597668","display_name":"Guangjian Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-748X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangjian Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109434412","display_name":"Tianxing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-7197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128053","display_name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth","ror":"https://ror.org/02cjszf03","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianxing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128053","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082646129","display_name":"Xihan Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4812-3045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xihan Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050562433","display_name":"Jing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-9655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012922824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8276,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8260497,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"410","last_page":"423"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12442","display_name":"Thermal Radiation and Cooling Technologies","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissivity","display_name":"Emissivity","score":0.7281523942947388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.6411527395248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.5776540637016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5694126486778259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subpixel-rendering","display_name":"Subpixel rendering","score":0.5557140111923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-reflectance-distribution-function","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","score":0.55448979139328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.5506349802017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy","display_name":"Anisotropy","score":0.5268170833587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nadir","display_name":"Nadir","score":0.501446008682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-radiative-transfer-codes","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","score":0.49148857593536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"Brightness temperature","score":0.4450482726097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.40933656692504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.37454402446746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.3632001280784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3331111669540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.28042739629745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.270241916179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.26571911573410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.11284443736076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1086207926273346}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163651212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899670","display_name":"Emissivity","level":2,"score":0.7281523942947388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.6411527395248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.5776540637016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5694126486778259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68516990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452912","display_name":"Subpixel rendering","level":3,"score":0.5557140111923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151596937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856980","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","level":3,"score":0.55448979139328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.5506349802017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.5268170833587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88575799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145825","display_name":"Nadir","level":3,"score":0.501446008682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353151","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","level":3,"score":0.49148857593536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.4450482726097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.40933656692504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.37454402446746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.3632001280784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3331111669540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.28042739629745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.270241916179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.26571911573410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.11284443736076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1086207926273346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2018.2855192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2018.2855192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2110156779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41701409","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3658301272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41331171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5071060198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41571364","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1119444890","https://openalex.org/W1560425405","https://openalex.org/W1642126279","https://openalex.org/W1827381938","https://openalex.org/W1975801745","https://openalex.org/W1987893159","https://openalex.org/W1988456065","https://openalex.org/W1989429417","https://openalex.org/W1993586504","https://openalex.org/W1995446787","https://openalex.org/W1998483328","https://openalex.org/W2001597662","https://openalex.org/W2003133188","https://openalex.org/W2004366908","https://openalex.org/W2006341875","https://openalex.org/W2009163758","https://openalex.org/W2010718745","https://openalex.org/W2011582034","https://openalex.org/W2011947156","https://openalex.org/W2016503513","https://openalex.org/W2021415319","https://openalex.org/W2025230351","https://openalex.org/W2026337749","https://openalex.org/W2029660080","https://openalex.org/W2037983163","https://openalex.org/W2043568360","https://openalex.org/W2043579401","https://openalex.org/W2048175578","https://openalex.org/W2052528093","https://openalex.org/W2052883874","https://openalex.org/W2061655662","https://openalex.org/W2073201099","https://openalex.org/W2074797196","https://openalex.org/W2076139004","https://openalex.org/W2077039949","https://openalex.org/W2082609321","https://openalex.org/W2083656207","https://openalex.org/W2092028824","https://openalex.org/W2092611369","https://openalex.org/W2100275724","https://openalex.org/W2113034257","https://openalex.org/W2118406897","https://openalex.org/W2120607258","https://openalex.org/W2121734859","https://openalex.org/W2125900340","https://openalex.org/W2128500771","https://openalex.org/W2133225008","https://openalex.org/W2141712496","https://openalex.org/W2149184698","https://openalex.org/W2156515409","https://openalex.org/W2168078367","https://openalex.org/W2169278316","https://openalex.org/W2169291048","https://openalex.org/W2169447826","https://openalex.org/W2172080905","https://openalex.org/W2175657709","https://openalex.org/W4234545992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766018323","https://openalex.org/W2565705615","https://openalex.org/W2081538989","https://openalex.org/W2890917258","https://openalex.org/W1978677342","https://openalex.org/W2891022419","https://openalex.org/W2911890290","https://openalex.org/W4307629718","https://openalex.org/W2034042331","https://openalex.org/W1614264501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rugged":[0],"terrain,":[1,118],"as":[2],"a":[3,137,193],"large":[4],"percentage":[5],"of":[6,17,29,97,132,188,206,209,214,236],"the":[7,26,68,87,102,130,145,148,176,204],"Earth's":[8],"terrestrial":[9],"surface,":[10],"is":[11,49,150,171,200],"frequently":[12],"reported":[13],"to":[14,51,73,153,159,221],"cause":[15],"directionality":[16,131],"land":[18,30],"surface":[19,31,35,46,53],"thermal":[20,47,75,88,228],"radiation":[21,37,190],"(LSTR),":[22],"and":[23,34,61,82,99,111,122,125,134,142,156,230],"seriously":[24],"affects":[25,129],"retrieval":[27],"accuracy":[28],"temperature":[32,59,64],"(LST)":[33],"longwave":[36,189],"from":[38,151,202],"satellite":[39],"measurements.":[40],"Therefore,":[41],"modeling":[42],"topographic":[43,80],"effects":[44],"on":[45,86,108,192],"anisotropy":[48],"essential":[50],"understand":[52],"radiative":[54,90],"processes.":[55],"The":[56,117,168,217],"directional":[57],"brightness":[58,63],"(DBT)":[60],"equivalent":[62],"(EBT)":[65],"models":[66,218],"at":[67,101],"pixel":[69],"scale":[70],"are":[71,219],"proposed":[72],"indicate":[74],"anisotropy,":[76,229],"considering":[77],"viewing":[78,123,163],"geometry,":[79],"effects,":[81],"subpixel":[83],"variations":[84],"based":[85,107,191],"infrared":[89],"transfer":[91],"equation.":[92],"A":[93],"simulated":[94],"data":[95,113],"set":[96],"DBT":[98,141],"EBT":[100],"1-km":[103],"resolution":[104],"was":[105],"obtained":[106],"LST,":[109],"emissivity,":[110],"terrain":[112],"with":[114,120],"30-m":[115],"resolution.":[116],"coupled":[119],"solar":[121],"geometries":[124],"subgrid":[126],"variation,":[127],"significantly":[128],"LSTR,":[133],"results":[135],"in":[136,225,232],"remarkable":[138],"bias":[139,149,187,213,235],"between":[140],"EBT.":[143],"For":[144],"nadir":[146],"observation,":[147],"-0.8":[152],"1":[154],"K,":[155],"reaches":[157],"-5":[158],"2":[160],"K":[161,174,195],"when":[162,198],"zenith":[164],"angle":[165],"becomes":[166],"50\u00b0.":[167],"maximal":[169],"deviation":[170],"about":[172],"9":[173],"over":[175,240],"most":[177],"rugged":[178],"mountains,":[179],"which":[180],"causes":[181,211],"57.6":[182],"W/m":[183],"<sup":[184],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[185],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[186],"300":[194],"blackbody.":[196],"Furthermore,":[197],"LST":[199,212],"retrieved":[201],"DBT,":[203],"uncertainty":[205],"broadband":[207],"emissivity":[208],"0.01":[210],"~0.35":[215],"K.":[216],"considered":[220],"be":[222],"very":[223],"helpful":[224],"exploring":[226],"terrain-induced":[227],"enlightening":[231],"reducing":[233],"estimation":[234],"remote":[237],"sensing":[238],"products":[239],"complex":[241],"terrain.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}