{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2575479478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2645798","title":"Semantic Classification of Urban Trees Using Very High Resolution Satellite Imagery","display_name":"Semantic Classification of Urban Trees Using Very High Resolution Satellite Imagery","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2575479478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2645798","mag":"2575479478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2016.2645798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2645798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103149719","display_name":"Dawei Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6023-2351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031729932","display_name":"Xin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5625-0338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387644","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1345-5736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015582924","display_name":"Wenzhi Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2183-0324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhi Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Image Processing and Interpretation, Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University, 9000, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image Processing and Interpretation, Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University, 9000, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673818","display_name":"Liangpei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangpei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5788,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94588982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"1413","last_page":"1424"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5878608226776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.561045229434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"Urban planning","score":0.5171324610710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.4548211693763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4435119330883026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.417497843503952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.17995363473892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0997302234172821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5878608226776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.561045229434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.5171324610710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4548211693763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4435119330883026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.417497843503952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.17995363473892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0997302234172821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2016.2645798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2645798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8507926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8507926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2151-1535","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6081697977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6319047720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201348","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321769","funder_display_name":"Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6527080947","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41522110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321769","funder_display_name":"Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of the People's Republic of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321769","display_name":"Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of the People's Republic of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W126936368","https://openalex.org/W180464874","https://openalex.org/W625186594","https://openalex.org/W1572163287","https://openalex.org/W1913278928","https://openalex.org/W1964691864","https://openalex.org/W1970535395","https://openalex.org/W1971313499","https://openalex.org/W1974981350","https://openalex.org/W1981213426","https://openalex.org/W1983763063","https://openalex.org/W1994668970","https://openalex.org/W2011010318","https://openalex.org/W2013234343","https://openalex.org/W2019343545","https://openalex.org/W2020708554","https://openalex.org/W2021622322","https://openalex.org/W2022078304","https://openalex.org/W2024359180","https://openalex.org/W2025767725","https://openalex.org/W2036805539","https://openalex.org/W2038016074","https://openalex.org/W2042196775","https://openalex.org/W2042524658","https://openalex.org/W2044435015","https://openalex.org/W2044528523","https://openalex.org/W2044558111","https://openalex.org/W2059432853","https://openalex.org/W2063396028","https://openalex.org/W2063512194","https://openalex.org/W2064289726","https://openalex.org/W2068211455","https://openalex.org/W2074685373","https://openalex.org/W2081543911","https://openalex.org/W2091996941","https://openalex.org/W2094455438","https://openalex.org/W2094677081","https://openalex.org/W2095822147","https://openalex.org/W2106756547","https://openalex.org/W2111381025","https://openalex.org/W2119412805","https://openalex.org/W2119879130","https://openalex.org/W2120191719","https://openalex.org/W2128471397","https://openalex.org/W2129826572","https://openalex.org/W2130748089","https://openalex.org/W2148170272","https://openalex.org/W2153384129","https://openalex.org/W2157238379","https://openalex.org/W2158031389","https://openalex.org/W2163479244","https://openalex.org/W2325263796","https://openalex.org/W2402984290","https://openalex.org/W2403244201","https://openalex.org/W2417835980","https://openalex.org/W2549412929","https://openalex.org/W2981849677","https://openalex.org/W4243592874","https://openalex.org/W4248470197","https://openalex.org/W6634394509","https://openalex.org/W6713608159","https://openalex.org/W6769377118","https://openalex.org/W6825169359"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W2059707233","https://openalex.org/W4235897794","https://openalex.org/W1983126463","https://openalex.org/W2095126257","https://openalex.org/W2085738998","https://openalex.org/W1987967678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,67,94,125],"an":[2,55],"urgent":[3],"need":[4],"for":[5,22,88,148,254],"urban":[6,23,52,56,92,98,122,127,153,186],"tree":[7,34,38,187,256],"classification,":[8],"in":[9,80,121,144],"order":[10],"to":[11,47,69,96,199,217],"assist":[12],"with":[13,239],"ecological":[14,74,119],"environment":[15],"protection":[16],"and":[17,75,103,111,115,132,136,181,184,203,213,221,248,277,280,288],"provide":[18],"sustainable":[19],"development":[20],"guidance":[21],"planners.":[24],"While":[25],"most":[26,255],"of":[27,51,61,73,91,152,196,223,267],"the":[28,71,149,156,164,176,190,219,224,231,240,246,268,284],"existing":[29],"studies":[30,44],"have":[31,45],"concentrated":[32],"on":[33],"crown":[35],"extraction":[36,162],"or":[37,143],"species":[39],"identification,":[40],"only":[41],"a":[42,83,168,194,236],"few":[43],"attempted":[46],"conduct":[48],"semantic":[49,62,89,150],"classification":[50,90,151,174,188],"trees":[53,93,99,138,154,273,282],"from":[54],"habitat":[57],"perspective.":[58],"The":[59,146,227,259],"lack":[60],"information":[63,161],"means":[64],"that":[65,230],"it":[66],"difficult":[68],"meet":[70],"needs":[72],"environmental":[76],"issues.":[77],"As":[78],"such,":[79],"this":[81],"study,":[82],"novel":[84],"three-level":[85],"(pixel-object-patch)":[86],"framework":[87,147],"proposed":[95,225,232],"categorize":[97],"as":[100,117],"park,":[101],"roadside,":[102],"residential-institutional":[104,137,272],"trees.":[105],"These":[106],"three":[107],"categories":[108,257],"are":[109,139,206,251],"cognized":[110],"conceptualized":[112],"by":[113],"humans":[114],"serve":[116],"different":[118],"functions":[120],"areas.":[123],"Park":[124],"important":[126],"greenery":[128],"accommodated":[129],"within":[130],"recreational":[131],"cultural":[133],"facilities.":[134],"Roadside":[135],"distributed":[140],"along":[141],"streets":[142],"neighborhoods.":[145],"includes":[155],"following":[157],"steps:":[158],"1)":[159],"vegetation":[160,170],"at":[163,175,189],"pixel":[165],"level":[166,178],"utilizing":[167],"spectral":[169,180],"index;":[171],"2)":[172],"vegetation-type":[173],"object":[177],"employing":[179],"textural":[182],"features;":[183],"3)":[185],"patch":[191],"level,":[192],"where":[193],"series":[195],"metrics":[197],"related":[198],"area,":[200],"shape,":[201],"structure,":[202],"spatial":[204,278],"relationship":[205],"considered.":[207],"Two":[208],"typical":[209],"Chinese":[210],"megacities,":[211],"Shenzhen":[212],"Wuhan,":[214],"were":[215],"chosen":[216],"demonstrate":[218],"applicability":[220],"effectiveness":[222],"method.":[226],"results":[228],"reveal":[229],"method":[233],"can":[234],"achieve":[235],"satisfactory":[237],"performance,":[238],"overall":[241],"accuracy":[242],"reaching":[243],"85%.":[244],"Moreover,":[245],"producer's":[247],"user's":[249],"accuracies":[250],"generally":[252],"high":[253],"(>80%).":[258],"further":[260],"landscape":[261,270],"analysis":[262],"demonstrates":[263],"some":[264],"general":[265],"characteristics":[266],"natural":[269],"configuration:":[271],"show":[274,283],"greater":[275],"fragmentation":[276],"heterogeneity,":[279],"park":[281],"maximum":[285],"physical":[286],"connectedness":[287],"aggregation.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}