{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2471640679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2570683","title":"Simulation of Multiangular Remote Sensing Products Using Small Satellite Formations","display_name":"Simulation of Multiangular Remote Sensing Products Using Small Satellite Formations","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2471640679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2570683","mag":"2471640679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2016.2570683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2570683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397763/1/Nag_20et_20al.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102819780","display_name":"Sreeja Nag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-1130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreeja Nag","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Bay Area Environmental Research Center, Petaluma, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Bay Area Environmental Research Center, Petaluma, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001588860","display_name":"Charles K. Gatebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-2239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329765538","display_name":"Universities Space Research Association","ror":"https://ror.org/043pgqy52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329765538"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles K. Gatebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I1329765538"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077053882","display_name":"Thomas Hilker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Hilker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, Highfield Rd Southampton, SO17 IBJ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, Highfield Rd Southampton, SO17 IBJ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7027,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82124817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"638","last_page":"653"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-reflectance-distribution-function","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","score":0.9545191526412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.8484825491905212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6977420449256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.6365087032318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/albedo","display_name":"Albedo (alchemy)","score":0.5625212788581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometer","display_name":"Radiometer","score":0.5476438403129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5439354181289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacecraft","display_name":"Spacecraft","score":0.5390452742576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5218141078948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectroradiometer","display_name":"Spectroradiometer","score":0.4305010735988617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbital-mechanics","display_name":"Orbital mechanics","score":0.4275708496570587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nadir","display_name":"Nadir","score":0.4121176600456238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33705437183380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3124673366546631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.2713991701602936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23212751746177673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21524137258529663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151596937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856980","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","level":3,"score":0.9545191526412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.8484825491905212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6977420449256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.6365087032318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195886398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110050","display_name":"Albedo (alchemy)","level":3,"score":0.5625212788581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120189094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850281","display_name":"Radiometer","level":2,"score":0.5476438403129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5439354181289673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29829512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Spacecraft","level":2,"score":0.5390452742576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5218141078948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130066347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680509","display_name":"Spectroradiometer","level":3,"score":0.4305010735988617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6629501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842433","display_name":"Orbital mechanics","level":3,"score":0.4275708496570587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88575799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145825","display_name":"Nadir","level":3,"score":0.4121176600456238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33705437183380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3124673366546631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.2713991701602936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23212751746177673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21524137258529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554144382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213156","display_name":"Performance art","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2016.2570683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2570683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:397763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2570683>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397763/1/Nag_20et_20al.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:397763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2570683>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397763/1/Nag_20et_20al.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307065","display_name":"Schlumberger Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03daw3m97"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332377","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2471640679.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2471640679.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27516425","https://openalex.org/W71337618","https://openalex.org/W139275236","https://openalex.org/W190286042","https://openalex.org/W1557590941","https://openalex.org/W1600890994","https://openalex.org/W1821473075","https://openalex.org/W1868881761","https://openalex.org/W1955909837","https://openalex.org/W1983926027","https://openalex.org/W1985504572","https://openalex.org/W1997287128","https://openalex.org/W2017798301","https://openalex.org/W2020473513","https://openalex.org/W2020777623","https://openalex.org/W2020994040","https://openalex.org/W2023373255","https://openalex.org/W2032192368","https://openalex.org/W2034689796","https://openalex.org/W2040253265","https://openalex.org/W2041177409","https://openalex.org/W2041184482","https://openalex.org/W2043427227","https://openalex.org/W2052723305","https://openalex.org/W2054841301","https://openalex.org/W2060827275","https://openalex.org/W2073268294","https://openalex.org/W2073773661","https://openalex.org/W2077846612","https://openalex.org/W2081803271","https://openalex.org/W2084250693","https://openalex.org/W2088899221","https://openalex.org/W2091336710","https://openalex.org/W2097518542","https://openalex.org/W2098065523","https://openalex.org/W2102970817","https://openalex.org/W2106530591","https://openalex.org/W2122400352","https://openalex.org/W2132087597","https://openalex.org/W2133920545","https://openalex.org/W2136492770","https://openalex.org/W2141748334","https://openalex.org/W2151659169","https://openalex.org/W2154261987","https://openalex.org/W2170101292","https://openalex.org/W2171942238","https://openalex.org/W2174495926","https://openalex.org/W2176177568","https://openalex.org/W2178797461","https://openalex.org/W2187571025","https://openalex.org/W2316033403","https://openalex.org/W2327932579","https://openalex.org/W2328908430","https://openalex.org/W3083877289","https://openalex.org/W3148767746","https://openalex.org/W4249855815","https://openalex.org/W4249940406","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601135734","https://openalex.org/W6602864601","https://openalex.org/W6607690303","https://openalex.org/W6638961529","https://openalex.org/W6641126162","https://openalex.org/W6658963834","https://openalex.org/W6686696240","https://openalex.org/W6699533485","https://openalex.org/W6782958024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348693871","https://openalex.org/W1973420875","https://openalex.org/W1978359390","https://openalex.org/W2158390153","https://openalex.org/W4239881177","https://openalex.org/W2066990849","https://openalex.org/W2905078199","https://openalex.org/W2171182724","https://openalex.org/W2565705615","https://openalex.org/W2885136652"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"completely":[1],"capture":[2],"the":[3,13,93,249],"multiangular":[4],"reflectance":[5,15,26,70],"of":[6,30,45,114,117,166,183,192,199,210],"an":[7,240],"opaque":[8],"surface,":[9],"one":[10],"must":[11],"estimate":[12],"bidirectional":[14],"distribution":[16],"function":[17,29],"(BRDF),":[18],"which":[19],"seeks":[20],"to":[21,91,105,141,212,226,234],"represent":[22],"variations":[23],"in":[24,41,49,59,112,181,217],"surface":[25],"as":[27,124],"a":[28,81,87,164,197,208],"measurement":[31],"and":[32,75,96,103,108,119,130,151,156,206,228],"illumination":[33],"angles":[34,77],"at":[35,72],"any":[36,218],"time":[37],"instant.":[38],"The":[39,62,187,236],"gap":[40],"angular":[42,184],"sampling":[43,185],"abilities":[44],"existing":[46],"single":[47,110,177],"satellites":[48,58,169,201,214],"Earth":[50],"observation":[51],"missions":[52],"can":[53],"be":[54],"complemented":[55],"by":[56,196,207],"small":[57,168],"formation":[60,63,165,198,209,222,245],"flight.":[61],"would":[64],"have":[65],"intercalibrated":[66],"spectrometer":[67],"payloads":[68],"making":[69],"measurements,":[71],"many":[73],"zenith":[74],"azimuthal":[76],"simultaneously.":[78],"We":[79],"use":[80,127],"systems":[82],"engineering":[83],"tool":[84,90],"coupled":[85],"with":[86,139],"science":[88],"evaluation":[89],"demonstrate":[92],"performance":[94],"impact":[95],"mission":[97],"feasibility.":[98],"Formation":[99],"designs":[100],"are":[101],"generated":[102],"compared":[104],"each":[106],"other":[107],"multisensor":[109],"spacecraft,":[111],"terms":[113,182],"estimation":[115],"error":[116,173,191],"BRDF":[118,159],"its":[120],"dependent":[121],"products":[122],"such":[123],"albedo,":[125],"light":[126],"efficiency":[128],"(LUE),":[129],"normalized":[131],"difference":[132],"vegetation":[133],"index":[134],"(NDVI).":[135],"Performance":[136],"is":[137,194,246],"benchmarked":[138],"respect":[140],"data":[142],"from":[143,231],"previous":[144],"airborne":[145],"campaigns":[146],"(NASA's":[147],"Cloud":[148],"Absorption":[149],"Radiometer),":[150],"tower":[152],"measurements":[153],"(AMSPEC":[154],"II),":[155],"assuming":[157],"known":[158],"models.":[160],"Simulations":[161],"show":[162],"that":[163],"six":[167],"produces":[170],"lesser":[171],"average":[172,188,237],"(21.82%)":[174],"than":[175,248],"larger":[176],"spacecraft":[178],"(23.2%),":[179],"purely":[180],"benefits.":[186],"monolithic":[189,250],"albedo":[190,224],"3.6%":[193],"outperformed":[195],"three":[200],"(1.86%),":[202],"when":[203,215],"arranged":[204,216],"optimally":[205],"seven":[211],"eight":[213,241],"way.":[219],"An":[220],"eight-satellite":[221],"reduces":[223],"errors":[225,230],"0.67%":[227],"LUE":[229],"89.77%":[232],"(monolithic)":[233],"78.69%.":[235],"NDVI":[238],"for":[239],"satellite,":[242],"nominally":[243],"maintained":[244],"better":[247],"0.038.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}