{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2508966062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2538181","title":"Impact of Rain, Swell, and Surface Currents on the Electromagnetic Bias in GNSS-Reflectometry","display_name":"Impact of Rain, Swell, and Surface Currents on the Electromagnetic Bias in GNSS-Reflectometry","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2508966062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2538181","mag":"2508966062"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2016.2538181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2538181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/102775","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052971957","display_name":"Ali Ghavidel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-8005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Ghavidel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, and IEEC/UPC Campus Nord, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, and IEEC/UPC Campus Nord, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073492252","display_name":"Adriano Camps","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-4992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriano Camps","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, and IEEC/UPC Campus Nord, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, and IEEC/UPC Campus Nord, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052971957"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74088331,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"10","first_page":"4643","last_page":"4649"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swell","display_name":"Swell","score":0.765941858291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.684947669506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5362839698791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.4864656627178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-wave","display_name":"Wind wave","score":0.4844236671924591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/significant-wave-height","display_name":"Significant wave height","score":0.46958962082862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.4282341003417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.42682546377182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.41004347801208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40529865026474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3712305724620819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.34326693415641785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.259155809879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.2225055694580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.14517924189567566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108628306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185411","display_name":"Swell","level":2,"score":0.765941858291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.684947669506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5362839698791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.4864656627178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.4844236671924591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85910571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674049","display_name":"Significant wave height","level":3,"score":0.46958962082862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.4282341003417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.42682546377182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.41004347801208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40529865026474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3712305724620819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.34326693415641785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.259155809879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2225055694580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.14517924189567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2016.2538181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2016.2538181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:upcommonspor::895ab1c412dfd0808383aa226d38c621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/102775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:upcommonspor::895ab1c412dfd0808383aa226d38c621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/102775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5126369259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AYA2011-29183-C02-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542628179","https://openalex.org/W1910092455","https://openalex.org/W1974555325","https://openalex.org/W1980929826","https://openalex.org/W1986305533","https://openalex.org/W1999328390","https://openalex.org/W2000321286","https://openalex.org/W2001197258","https://openalex.org/W2001743977","https://openalex.org/W2007818237","https://openalex.org/W2012987622","https://openalex.org/W2014702501","https://openalex.org/W2022585320","https://openalex.org/W2030209988","https://openalex.org/W2039870538","https://openalex.org/W2054760527","https://openalex.org/W2060701028","https://openalex.org/W2062464620","https://openalex.org/W2074865324","https://openalex.org/W2084934557","https://openalex.org/W2100621086","https://openalex.org/W2100807107","https://openalex.org/W2112957697","https://openalex.org/W2118324129","https://openalex.org/W2126053674","https://openalex.org/W2136747383","https://openalex.org/W2139494805","https://openalex.org/W2145047705","https://openalex.org/W2155589180","https://openalex.org/W2156716790","https://openalex.org/W2158559897","https://openalex.org/W2296018493","https://openalex.org/W2979562478","https://openalex.org/W6680777499","https://openalex.org/W6697556332"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319170497","https://openalex.org/W2556499809","https://openalex.org/W3136054748","https://openalex.org/W2016920080","https://openalex.org/W4322209852","https://openalex.org/W2333273150","https://openalex.org/W2391561519","https://openalex.org/W3154537910","https://openalex.org/W2378435855","https://openalex.org/W2089200321"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,92,157,189,209],"assessment":[1],"of":[2,13,142,153,159,175,191,204,211,227],"the":[3,11,33,52,56,62,110,122,128,133,140,146,151,154,162,173,176,185,202,205,225,228,233,240],"electromagnetic":[4],"(EM)":[5],"bias":[6,35,135,164],"is":[7,90,96,116,136,165,181,193],"required":[8],"to":[9,70,172,201,232,236],"predict":[10],"performance":[12],"upcoming":[14],"global":[15],"navigation":[16],"satellite":[17],"systems-reflectometry":[18],"(GNSS-R)":[19],"altimetry":[20,39],"systems,":[21],"and":[22,65,109],"its":[23],"impact":[24,158,190,210],"in":[25,36,239],"data":[26],"assimilation":[27],"climate":[28],"studies.":[29],"In":[30,55],"previous":[31],"studies,":[32],"EM":[34,107,134,163],"bistatic":[37],"GNSS-R":[38],"(L-band)":[40],"was":[41],"numerically":[42,138],"estimated":[43],"for":[44,61],"a":[45,72,81,100,166,194,216,237],"wind-driven":[46,74,86],"sea":[47,75,87,94],"surface":[48,66,76,88,95,241],"height":[49,77,89,141],"spectrum,":[50,78],"including":[51],"time-domain":[53],"variability.":[54],"present":[57],"study,":[58],"spectral":[59],"models":[60],"rain,":[63],"swell,":[64],"currents":[67,212],"are":[68],"used":[69],"compute":[71],"perturbed":[73,82],"from":[79,113,118],"which":[80,180],"three-dimensional":[83],"(3-D)":[84],"time-evolving":[85],"computed.":[91],"generated":[93],"then":[97],"illuminated":[98],"by":[99,150],"right":[101],"hand":[102],"circular":[103],"polarization":[104],"(RHCP)":[105],"L-band":[106],"wave,":[108],"wave":[111],"scattered":[112],"each":[114,119,143],"facet":[115,120],"computed":[117,137],"using":[121],"physical":[123],"optics":[124],"(PO)":[125],"method":[126],"under":[127],"Kirchhoff":[129],"approximation":[130],"(KA).":[131],"Finally,":[132],"as":[139,184],"patch":[144],"times":[145],"forward-scattering":[147,155],"coefficient,":[148],"divided":[149],"average":[152],"coefficient.":[156],"rain":[160],"on":[161,224],"moderate":[167,217],"decrease":[168,220],"(in":[169,197,221],"magnitude)":[170,198],"due":[171,200,235],"damping":[174],"large":[177],"gravity":[178],"waves,":[179],"more":[182],"significant":[183],"wind":[186],"speed":[187],"increases.":[188],"swell":[192],"small":[195],"increase":[196,218],"mostly":[199],"change":[203,238],"local":[206],"incidence":[207],"angles.":[208],"can":[213],"be":[214],"either":[215],"or":[219],"magnitude),":[222],"depending":[223],"sense":[226],"current":[229],"with":[230],"respect":[231],"wind,":[234],"roughness.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}