{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2275296373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2015.2443557","title":"A Model for the Backscattering From a Canonical Ship in SAR Imagery","display_name":"A Model for the Backscattering From a Canonical Ship in SAR Imagery","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2275296373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2015.2443557","mag":"2275296373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2015.2443557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2015.2443557","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/7416293/07137630.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/7416293/07137630.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059360012","display_name":"Pasquale Iervolino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3116-1179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pasquale Iervolino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072917995","display_name":"Raffaella Guida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9041-4244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raffaella Guida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090426716","display_name":"Philip Whittaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Whittaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), Guildford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059360012"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":102.6425,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99808272,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"1163","last_page":"1175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.8311784267425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.7659875750541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-cross-section","display_name":"Radar cross-section","score":0.7228368520736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6316240429878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6013926267623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.49674636125564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.47309473156929016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-optics","display_name":"Physical optics","score":0.45182886719703674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.42979487776756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4238268733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.41563665866851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.33691778779029846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2952009439468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29246586561203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1636117398738861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15574905276298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15521934628486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1123465895652771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.8311784267425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.7659875750541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101457746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560430","display_name":"Radar cross-section","level":3,"score":0.7228368520736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6316240429878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6013926267623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.49674636125564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.47309473156929016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154236941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942347","display_name":"Physical optics","level":2,"score":0.45182886719703674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.42979487776756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4238268733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.41563665866851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33691778779029846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2952009439468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29246586561203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1636117398738861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15574905276298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15521934628486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1123465895652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2015.2443557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2015.2443557","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/7416293/07137630.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2fcab4425dab449cbce3064add7157dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2fcab4425dab449cbce3064add7157dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 9, Iss 3, Pp 1163-1175 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:808138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/808138/14/A%20Model%20for%20the%20Backscattering%20from%20a%20Canonical%20Ship%20in%20SAR%20imagery.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2015.2443557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2015.2443557","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/4609443/7416293/07137630.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7488979888","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J502224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2275296373.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2275296373.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142575998","https://openalex.org/W653198969","https://openalex.org/W659593270","https://openalex.org/W1532691246","https://openalex.org/W1535761620","https://openalex.org/W1594690383","https://openalex.org/W1692271416","https://openalex.org/W1965709756","https://openalex.org/W1968632379","https://openalex.org/W1974551617","https://openalex.org/W1977249830","https://openalex.org/W1994548278","https://openalex.org/W1995951109","https://openalex.org/W2001785034","https://openalex.org/W2006516693","https://openalex.org/W2022606568","https://openalex.org/W2040042310","https://openalex.org/W2044907338","https://openalex.org/W2089709331","https://openalex.org/W2098513632","https://openalex.org/W2109550935","https://openalex.org/W2110866973","https://openalex.org/W2112928243","https://openalex.org/W2115142299","https://openalex.org/W2120066054","https://openalex.org/W2120198062","https://openalex.org/W2125593290","https://openalex.org/W2135277117","https://openalex.org/W2136453532","https://openalex.org/W2156161232","https://openalex.org/W2271383915","https://openalex.org/W2500381110","https://openalex.org/W2547048751","https://openalex.org/W2613412191","https://openalex.org/W3021544465","https://openalex.org/W4256268561","https://openalex.org/W6605852207","https://openalex.org/W6694361184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022672394","https://openalex.org/W2112058521","https://openalex.org/W4386495155","https://openalex.org/W2007396784","https://openalex.org/W2142582314","https://openalex.org/W2540450177","https://openalex.org/W2170580735","https://openalex.org/W1517159211","https://openalex.org/W2118934710","https://openalex.org/W2349677331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"aperture":[1],"radar":[2,85],"(SAR)":[3],"sensors":[4],"represent":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,18,24,36,47,149,152,215],"the":[8,16,22,41,45,51,57,70,84,96,116,121,131,150,153,156,159,181,185,187,199,204],"most":[9],"effective":[10],"means":[11],"to":[12,69,82,95,155,190],"support":[13],"activities":[14],"in":[15,177,184],"sector":[17],"maritime":[19],"surveillance.":[20],"In":[21],"field":[23],"ship":[25,52,93],"detection,":[26],"many":[27],"SAR-based":[28],"algorithms":[29],"have":[30],"been":[31],"proposed":[32],"recently,":[33],"but":[34],"none":[35],"them":[37],"has":[38],"ever":[39],"considered":[40],"electromagnetic":[42],"aspects":[43],"behind":[44],"interactions":[46],"SAR":[48,71],"signals":[49],"with":[50,56,198],"and":[53,60,106,196,213],"surrounding":[54],"waters,":[55],"detection":[58],"step":[59],"rate":[61],"strongly":[62],"influenced":[63],"by":[64,135],"relative":[65],"thresholding":[66],"techniques":[67],"applied":[68,107],"amplitude":[72],"or":[73],"intensity":[74],"image.":[75],"This":[76],"paper":[77],"introduces":[78],"a":[79,91],"novel":[80],"model":[81,168,206],"evaluate":[83],"cross":[86],"section":[87],"(RCS)":[88],"backscattered":[89],"from":[90,100,203],"canonical":[92],"adapted,":[94],"case":[97],"at":[98],"issue,":[99],"similar":[101],"existing":[102],"models":[103],"developed":[104],"for,":[105],"to,":[108],"urban":[109],"areas.":[110],"The":[111,166],"RCS":[112,154,188],"is":[113,142,163,169,194],"modeled":[114],"using":[115],"Kirchhoff":[117],"approximation":[118],"(KA)":[119],"within":[120],"geometrical":[122],"optics":[123],"(GO)":[124],"solution":[125],"and,":[126],"following":[127],"some":[128],"assumptions":[129],"on":[130,158,171],"scene":[132,161],"parameters,":[133],"derived":[134,143],"empirical":[136],"observations;":[137],"its":[138],"probability":[139],"density":[140],"function":[141],"for":[144],"all":[145],"polarizations.":[146],"An":[147],"analysis":[148],"sensitiveness":[151],"uncertainty":[157],"input":[160],"parameters":[162],"then":[164],"performed.":[165],"new":[167],"validated":[170],"two":[172],"different":[173],"TerraSAR-X":[174],"images":[175],"acquired":[176],"November":[178],"2012":[179],"over":[180],"Solent":[182],"area":[183],"U.K.:":[186],"relevant":[189],"several":[191],"isolated":[192],"ships":[193],"measured":[195],"compared":[197],"expected":[200],"value":[201],"deriving":[202],"theoretical":[205],"here":[207],"introduced.":[208],"Results":[209],"are":[210],"widely":[211],"discussed":[212],"ranges":[214],"applicability":[216],"finally":[217],"suggested.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}