{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993875256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2382760","title":"Spatial-Contextual Supervised Classifiers Explored: A Challenging Example of Lithostratigraphy Classification","display_name":"Spatial-Contextual Supervised Classifiers Explored: A Challenging Example of Lithostratigraphy Classification","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993875256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2382760","mag":"1993875256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2014.2382760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2382760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Spatial-contextual_supervised_classifiers_explored_a_challenging_example_of_lithostratigraphy_classification/22924364","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001885663","display_name":"Matthew J. Cracknell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9843-8251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew J. Cracknell","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Sciences (Earth Sciences) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia",", School of Physical Sciences (Earth Sciences) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9843-8251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Sciences (Earth Sciences) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", School of Physical Sciences (Earth Sciences) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011870706","display_name":"Anya M. Reading","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9316-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anya M. Reading","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Sciences (Earth Sciences) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia",", School of Physical Sciences (Earth Sciences) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Sciences (Earth Sciences) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", School of Physical Sciences (Earth Sciences) and ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001885663"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4451,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76591511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"1371","last_page":"1384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7711182832717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7149595022201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-subspace-method","display_name":"Random subspace method","score":0.7085220813751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6835009455680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6647792458534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6555752754211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6008898019790649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5277436375617981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4515801668167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.42781922221183777}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7711182832717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7149595022201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106135958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291993","display_name":"Random subspace method","level":3,"score":0.7085220813751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6835009455680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6647792458534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6555752754211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6008898019790649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5277436375617981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4515801668167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.42781922221183777}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2014.2382760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2382760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ecite.utas.edu.au:100286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ecite.utas.edu.au/100286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401569","display_name":"eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","host_organization_name":"University of Tasmania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Refereed Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/22924364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Spatial-contextual_supervised_classifiers_explored_a_challenging_example_of_lithostratigraphy_classification/22924364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/22924364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Spatial-contextual_supervised_classifiers_explored_a_challenging_example_of_lithostratigraphy_classification/22924364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65738273","https://openalex.org/W144473798","https://openalex.org/W566240195","https://openalex.org/W1482289351","https://openalex.org/W1500545973","https://openalex.org/W1549998098","https://openalex.org/W1554944419","https://openalex.org/W1565377632","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1599043334","https://openalex.org/W1768257245","https://openalex.org/W1788543673","https://openalex.org/W1967137980","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1976445448","https://openalex.org/W1984125303","https://openalex.org/W1990330762","https://openalex.org/W2003126903","https://openalex.org/W2006203995","https://openalex.org/W2008056655","https://openalex.org/W2017603354","https://openalex.org/W2027442956","https://openalex.org/W2037996624","https://openalex.org/W2038433587","https://openalex.org/W2038976302","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2046079134","https://openalex.org/W2048280459","https://openalex.org/W2054510090","https://openalex.org/W2056763477","https://openalex.org/W2058860308","https://openalex.org/W2065636104","https://openalex.org/W2073397801","https://openalex.org/W2076563147","https://openalex.org/W2080103445","https://openalex.org/W2081620141","https://openalex.org/W2082081125","https://openalex.org/W2082140503","https://openalex.org/W2084488110","https://openalex.org/W2085103703","https://openalex.org/W2085456707","https://openalex.org/W2091719480","https://openalex.org/W2092698241","https://openalex.org/W2096613134","https://openalex.org/W2097092275","https://openalex.org/W2109943925","https://openalex.org/W2117438495","https://openalex.org/W2118898434","https://openalex.org/W2123179462","https://openalex.org/W2124889555","https://openalex.org/W2129211905","https://openalex.org/W2131586477","https://openalex.org/W2131864940","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2139406528","https://openalex.org/W2142569723","https://openalex.org/W2145649962","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2150787276","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2157963336","https://openalex.org/W2162353322","https://openalex.org/W2163114261","https://openalex.org/W2164437025","https://openalex.org/W2165828254","https://openalex.org/W2170913656","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2228955922","https://openalex.org/W2269339231","https://openalex.org/W2482589566","https://openalex.org/W2574358302","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912934387","https://openalex.org/W2987883775","https://openalex.org/W3117532410","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4249073844","https://openalex.org/W4252813286","https://openalex.org/W4254721730","https://openalex.org/W4300111274","https://openalex.org/W6674807959","https://openalex.org/W6681006704","https://openalex.org/W6684605865","https://openalex.org/W6684893555","https://openalex.org/W6732235260"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W4224941037","https://openalex.org/W2004826645","https://openalex.org/W3135818052","https://openalex.org/W2889302474","https://openalex.org/W1964832275","https://openalex.org/W2386825492","https://openalex.org/W2389865566","https://openalex.org/W2407804800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial-contextual":[0,32,75],"classifiers":[1,23,33,66,76,138,199],"exploit":[2],"characteristics":[3],"of":[4,49,92,113,119,235,241],"spatially":[5,16,52],"referenced":[6],"data":[7,90],"and":[8,29,41,60,109,144,176,207,217],"account":[9],"for":[10,45,186],"random":[11,57],"noise":[12],"that":[13,122,149,167],"contributes":[14],"to":[15,37,69,104,126,134,145,231],"inconsistent":[17],"classifications.":[18],"In":[19],"contrast,":[20],"standard":[21,197],"global":[22,198],"treat":[24],"inputs":[25],"as":[26,156],"statistically":[27],"independent":[28],"identically":[30],"distributed.":[31],"have":[34],"the":[35,46,84,128,233],"potential":[36],"improve":[38,232],"visualization,":[39],"analysis,":[40],"interpretation:":[42],"fundamental":[43],"requirements":[44],"subsequent":[47],"use":[48],"classifications":[50,195,223,236],"representing":[51],"varying":[53],"phenomena.":[54],"We":[55,115],"evaluate":[56],"forests":[58],"(RF)":[59],"support":[61],"vector":[62],"machine":[63],"(SVM)":[64],"spatial-contextual":[65,120],"with":[67,83,220],"respect":[68],"a":[70,238],"challenging":[71],"lithostratigraphy":[72],"classification":[73,86],"problem.":[74],"are":[77,132],"divided":[78],"into":[79],"three":[80],"categories":[81],"aligned":[82],"supervised":[85],"work":[87],"flow:":[88],"1)":[89],"preprocessing-transformation":[91],"input":[93],"variables":[94],"using":[95,214],"focal":[96,168],"operators;":[97],"2)":[98],"classifier":[99,121],"training-using":[100],"proximal":[101],"training":[102,142],"samples":[103],"train":[105,135],"multiple":[106,136],"localized":[107,137],"classifiers;":[108],"3)":[110],"postregularization":[111],"(PR)-reclassification":[112],"outputs.":[114],"introduce":[116],"new":[117],"variants":[118],"employ":[123],"self-organizing":[124],"maps":[125],"segment":[127],"spatial":[129,147,242],"domain.":[130],"Segments":[131],"used":[133,230],"from":[139],"k":[140],"neighboring":[141],"instances":[143],"represent":[146],"structures":[148],"assist":[150],"PR.":[151],"Our":[152],"experimental":[153],"results,":[154],"reported":[155],"mean":[157],"(n":[158],"=":[159],"10)":[160],"overall":[161],"accuracy":[162,234],"\u00b195%":[163],"confidence":[164],"intervals,":[165],"indicate":[166],"operators":[169],"(RF":[170,180,200],"0.754":[171],"\u00b10.010,":[172,182],"SVM":[173,183,203],"0.683":[174],"\u00b10.010)":[175],"PR":[177],"majority":[178],"filters":[179],"0.705":[181],"0.607":[184],"\u00b10.010":[185],"11":[187,189],"\u00d7":[188],"neighborhoods)":[190],"generate":[191],"significantly":[192],"more":[193],"accurate":[194],"than":[196],"0.625":[201],"\u00b10.011,":[202],"0.581":[204],"\u00b10.011).":[205,225],"Thin":[206],"discontinuous":[208],"lithostratigraphic":[209],"units":[210],"were":[211],"best":[212],"resolved":[213],"non-preprocessed":[215],"variables,":[216],"segmentation":[218],"coupled":[219],"postregularized":[221],"RF":[222],"(0.652":[224],"These":[226],"methods":[227],"may":[228],"be":[229],"across":[237],"wide":[239],"variety":[240],"modeling":[243],"applications.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}