{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2096553553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2301775","title":"${{\\rm E}^{2}}{\\rm LMs}$: Ensemble Extreme Learning Machines for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"${{\\rm E}^{2}}{\\rm LMs}$: Ensemble Extreme Learning Machines for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2096553553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2301775","mag":"2096553553"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2014.2301775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2301775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089631478","display_name":"Alim Samat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9091-6033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141849","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alim Samat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Satellite Mapping Technology and Applications of State Administration of Surveying, Mapping, and Geoinformation of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","Key Lab. for Satellite Mapping Technol. & Applic. of State Adm. of Surveying, Mapping, & Geoinf. of China, Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Satellite Mapping Technology and Applications of State Administration of Surveying, Mapping, and Geoinformation of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab. for Satellite Mapping Technol. & Applic. of State Adm. of Surveying, Mapping, & Geoinf. of China, Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690406","display_name":"Peijun Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2488-2656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141849","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peijun Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Satellite Mapping Technology and Applications of State Administration of Surveying, Mapping, and Geoinformation of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","Key Lab. for Satellite Mapping Technol. & Applic. of State Adm. of Surveying, Mapping, & Geoinf. of China, Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Satellite Mapping Technology and Applications of State Administration of Surveying, Mapping, and Geoinformation of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab. for Satellite Mapping Technol. & Applic. of State Adm. of Surveying, Mapping, & Geoinf. of China, Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684827","display_name":"Sicong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1612-4844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sicong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento , Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento , Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362041","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-9448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","Sch. of Geogr. & Planning, Sun Yat-sen Univ., Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Geogr. & Planning, Sun Yat-sen Univ., Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101910670","display_name":"Liang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-6681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141849","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Satellite Mapping Technology and Applications of State Administration of Surveying, Mapping, and Geoinformation of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","Key Lab. for Satellite Mapping Technol. & Applic. of State Adm. of Surveying, Mapping, & Geoinf. of China, Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Satellite Mapping Technology and Applications of State Administration of Surveying, Mapping, and Geoinformation of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab. for Satellite Mapping Technol. & Applic. of State Adm. of Surveying, Mapping, & Geoinf. of China, Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.4777,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":208,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9972961,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"1060","last_page":"1069"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","score":0.9014689326286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8994488716125488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7116677165031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6919772624969482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.6559531092643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6261221170425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5742788910865784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5476062893867493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imaging-spectrometer","display_name":"Imaging spectrometer","score":0.510377824306488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.461307555437088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4336535334587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.4305029511451721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.42183929681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.36907434463500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19532924890518188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrometer","display_name":"Spectrometer","score":0.1550675928592682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1437150239944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.06878963112831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06456124782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06293520331382751}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.9014689326286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8994488716125488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7116677165031433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6919772624969482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.6559531092643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6261221170425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5742788910865784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5476062893867493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183852935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002848","display_name":"Imaging spectrometer","level":3,"score":0.510377824306488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.461307555437088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4336535334587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.4305029511451721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.42183929681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36907434463500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19532924890518188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33390570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188463","display_name":"Spectrometer","level":2,"score":0.1550675928592682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1437150239944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.06878963112831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06456124782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06293520331382751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2014.2301775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2301775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320324","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322874","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1958891813","https://openalex.org/W1967066307","https://openalex.org/W1975846642","https://openalex.org/W1988115241","https://openalex.org/W2009286595","https://openalex.org/W2016860790","https://openalex.org/W2028759731","https://openalex.org/W2043665634","https://openalex.org/W2071256736","https://openalex.org/W2084252873","https://openalex.org/W2085348615","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2093717447","https://openalex.org/W2097238823","https://openalex.org/W2101711129","https://openalex.org/W2104269704","https://openalex.org/W2104714048","https://openalex.org/W2109853861","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2125517209","https://openalex.org/W2134663338","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2142012908","https://openalex.org/W2142771821","https://openalex.org/W2150757437","https://openalex.org/W2153747028","https://openalex.org/W2157124852","https://openalex.org/W2157595416","https://openalex.org/W2158275940","https://openalex.org/W2161055889","https://openalex.org/W2164330327","https://openalex.org/W2164437025","https://openalex.org/W2165967751","https://openalex.org/W2167982865","https://openalex.org/W2171171329","https://openalex.org/W2309693750","https://openalex.org/W2537954825","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912934387","https://openalex.org/W3004732066","https://openalex.org/W3147875956","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4320339642","https://openalex.org/W6641242172","https://openalex.org/W6681319012","https://openalex.org/W7034097810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566332026","https://openalex.org/W4382315444","https://openalex.org/W4233259193","https://openalex.org/W2600353413","https://openalex.org/W2432727369","https://openalex.org/W4381298925","https://openalex.org/W4285213578","https://openalex.org/W2097856925","https://openalex.org/W3009797526","https://openalex.org/W4298012357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extreme":[0],"learning":[1,77],"machine":[2],"(ELM)":[3],"has":[4],"attracted":[5],"attentions":[6],"in":[7,43,54,139],"pattern":[8],"recognition":[9],"field":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,56,91,144],"its":[13],"remarkable":[14],"advantages":[15],"such":[16,33],"as":[17,34],"fast":[18],"operation,":[19],"straightforward":[20],"solution,":[21],"and":[22,69,80,107,123,146],"strong":[23],"generalization.":[24],"However,":[25],"the":[26,58,64,86,93,96,131],"performance":[27,94,138],"of":[28,60,66,74,95],"ELM":[29,48,61],"for":[30,49,85,105],"high-dimensional":[31],"data,":[32],"hyperspectral":[35,50,113],"image,":[36],"is":[37],"still":[38],"an":[39],"open":[40],"problem.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46],"introduce":[47],"image":[51,120],"classification.":[52],"Furthermore,":[53],"order":[55,90],"overcome":[57],"drawbacks":[59],"caused":[62],"by":[63,116],"randomness":[65],"input":[67],"weights":[68],"bias,":[70],"two":[71],"new":[72],"algorithms":[73,134],"ensemble":[75,133],"extreme":[76],"machines":[78,101],"(Bagging-based":[79],"AdaBoost-based":[81],"ELMs)":[82],"are":[83,103],"proposed":[84,97,132],"classification":[87,137],"task.":[88],"In":[89],"illustrate":[92],"algorithms,":[98],"support":[99],"vector":[100],"(SVMs)":[102],"used":[104],"evaluation":[106],"comparison.":[108],"Experimental":[109],"results":[110],"with":[111,142],"real":[112],"images":[114],"collected":[115],"reflective":[117],"optics":[118],"spectrographic":[119],"system":[121],"(ROSIS)":[122],"airborne":[124],"visible/infrared":[125],"imaging":[126],"spectrometer":[127],"(AVIRIS)":[128],"indicate":[129],"that":[130],"produce":[135],"excellent":[136],"different":[140],"scenarios":[141],"respect":[143],"spectral":[145],"spectral\u2013spatial":[147],"feature":[148],"sets.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}