{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067874135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2292032","title":"A Framework for Land Cover Classification Using Discrete Return LiDAR Data: Adopting Pseudo-Waveform and Hierarchical Segmentation","display_name":"A Framework for Land Cover Classification Using Discrete Return LiDAR Data: Adopting Pseudo-Waveform and Hierarchical Segmentation","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067874135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2292032","mag":"2067874135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2013.2292032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2292032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065956206","display_name":"Jinha Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1176-3540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinha Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","School of Civil Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette; IN; USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette; IN; USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075665406","display_name":"Edoardo Pasolli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-3490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Pasolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","School of Civil Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette; IN; USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette; IN; USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037823063","display_name":"Saurabh Prasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-9360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saurabh Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","Comput. & Inf. Sci. & Technol. Offlce, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comput. & Inf. Sci. & Technol. Offlce, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053901145","display_name":"James C. Tilton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2013-6389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James C. Tilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational and Information Sciences and Technology Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. Of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational and Information Sciences and Technology Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. Of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002083374","display_name":"Melba M. Crawford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melba M. Crawford","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","School of Civil Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette; IN; USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette; IN; USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065956206"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96831909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"491","last_page":"502"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.852929949760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7509829998016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6742700338363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6167956590652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5929336547851562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5154793858528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46334347128868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4521028995513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44539833068847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4224611222743988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42181137204170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41944754123687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2408302128314972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1162668764591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1027289628982544}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.852929949760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7509829998016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6742700338363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6167956590652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5929336547851562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5154793858528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46334347128868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4521028995513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44539833068847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4224611222743988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42181137204170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41944754123687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2408302128314972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1162668764591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1027289628982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2013.2292032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2292032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:20150001289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150001289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196257","display_name":"NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"GSFC-E-DAA-TN17828"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309549","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/040vwpm13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W628438000","https://openalex.org/W1641840795","https://openalex.org/W1984892927","https://openalex.org/W1994193345","https://openalex.org/W1994881920","https://openalex.org/W2001298023","https://openalex.org/W2010319424","https://openalex.org/W2013671177","https://openalex.org/W2016428929","https://openalex.org/W2027229700","https://openalex.org/W2034385314","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2049427966","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2059089906","https://openalex.org/W2069412682","https://openalex.org/W2074256989","https://openalex.org/W2086103748","https://openalex.org/W2094361532","https://openalex.org/W2101897555","https://openalex.org/W2103192805","https://openalex.org/W2107966405","https://openalex.org/W2108597246","https://openalex.org/W2110161540","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2118858457","https://openalex.org/W2124109413","https://openalex.org/W2124397750","https://openalex.org/W2124571274","https://openalex.org/W2129526018","https://openalex.org/W2131697388","https://openalex.org/W2132669662","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2139514605","https://openalex.org/W2146037576","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2148645123","https://openalex.org/W2148791530","https://openalex.org/W2153538582","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2163994077","https://openalex.org/W2164330327","https://openalex.org/W2165771856","https://openalex.org/W2165796970","https://openalex.org/W2478493250","https://openalex.org/W4255443310","https://openalex.org/W4256068510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W2043913960","https://openalex.org/W2565656575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Acquiring":[0],"current,":[1],"accurate":[2],"land-use":[3],"information":[4,32,113,120],"is":[5,151,188],"critical":[6],"for":[7,33,58,87,125,142,178],"monitoring":[8],"and":[9,68,160,223],"understanding":[10],"the":[11,115,157,182,206,211,229],"impact":[12],"of":[13,23,27,84,181],"anthropogenic":[14],"activities":[15],"on":[16,191],"natural":[17],"environments.":[18,49],"Remote":[19],"sensing":[20],"technologies":[21],"are":[22,154,167,203,226],"increasing":[24],"importance":[25],"because":[26],"their":[28],"capability":[29],"to":[30,43,55,78,133,210],"acquire":[31],"large":[34],"areas":[35],"in":[36,47,169,196,213,236,240],"a":[37,139,170,174,192,243],"timely":[38],"manner,":[39],"enabling":[40],"decision":[41],"makers":[42],"be":[44,56,76,108],"more":[45,244],"effective":[46],"complex":[48],"Although":[50,118],"optical":[51],"imagery":[52],"has":[53,91,99,121,130],"demonstrated":[54],"successful":[57],"land":[59,88,143],"cover":[60,89,144],"classification,":[61],"active":[62],"sensors,":[63],"such":[64,218],"as":[65,219],"light":[66],"detection":[67],"ranging":[69],"(LiDAR),":[70],"have":[71],"distinct":[72],"capabilities":[73],"that":[74],"can":[75,107],"exploited":[77],"improve":[79],"classification":[80,90,98,105,145,201,238],"results.":[81],"However,":[82],"utilization":[83],"LiDAR":[85,134,149,158,216],"data":[86,150,159],"not":[92],"been":[93,122,131],"fully":[94],"exploited.":[95],"Moreover,":[96,228],"spatial-spectral":[97],"recently":[100],"gained":[101],"significant":[102],"attention":[103,129],"since":[104],"accuracy":[106],"improved":[109,237],"by":[110,162,205],"extracting":[111],"additional":[112],"from":[114,156],"neighboring":[116],"pixels.":[117],"spatial":[119],"widely":[123],"used":[124],"spectral":[126],"data,":[127],"less":[128],"given":[132],"data.":[135],"In":[136],"this":[137],"work,":[138],"new":[140,175],"framework":[141,187,208],"using":[146,173],"discrete":[147],"return":[148],"proposed.":[152],"Pseudo-waveforms":[153],"generated":[155],"processed":[161],"hierarchical":[163],"segmentation.":[164],"Spatial":[165],"features":[166],"extracted":[168],"region-based":[171,231],"way":[172],"unsupervised":[176],"strategy":[177,234],"multiple":[179],"pruning":[180],"segmentation":[183],"hierarchy.":[184],"The":[185],"proposed":[186,207,230],"validated":[189],"experimentally":[190],"real":[193],"dataset":[194],"acquired":[195],"an":[197],"urban":[198],"area.":[199],"Better":[200],"results":[202,235],"exhibited":[204],"compared":[209],"cases":[212],"which":[214],"basic":[215],"products":[217],"digital":[220],"surface":[221],"model":[222],"intensity":[224],"image":[225],"used.":[227],"feature":[232],"extraction":[233],"accuracies":[239],"comparison":[241],"with":[242],"traditional":[245],"window-based":[246],"approach.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}