{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990591294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2269193","title":"Integration of LiDAR Data and Orthophoto for Automatic Extraction of Parking Lot Structure","display_name":"Integration of LiDAR Data and Orthophoto for Automatic Extraction of Parking Lot Structure","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990591294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2269193","mag":"1990591294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2013.2269193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2269193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061713035","display_name":"Lihua Tong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihua Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101910670","display_name":"Liang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-6681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101469340","display_name":"Manchun Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manchun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108507606","display_name":"Jiechen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9022-8230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiechen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690406","display_name":"Peijun Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2488-2656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peijun Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab. of Geographic Inf. Sci. & Technol., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, China]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5945,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87743811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"503","last_page":"514"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthophoto","display_name":"Orthophoto","score":0.8280616998672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.694553792476654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6576547622680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.5620635747909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-lot","display_name":"Parking lot","score":0.5375731587409973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.5175365805625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43516698479652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3730311989784241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3524553179740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3431549072265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.28288382291793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14541152119636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12027418613433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10669466853141785}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922585","display_name":"Orthophoto","level":2,"score":0.8280616998672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.694553792476654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6576547622680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.5620635747909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777427512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501349","display_name":"Parking lot","level":2,"score":0.5375731587409973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5175365805625916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43516698479652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3730311989784241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3524553179740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3431549072265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28288382291793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14541152119636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12027418613433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10669466853141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2013.2269193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2269193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159877744","https://openalex.org/W254276845","https://openalex.org/W1974435886","https://openalex.org/W1984632763","https://openalex.org/W2001951615","https://openalex.org/W2002266720","https://openalex.org/W2014353485","https://openalex.org/W2037405310","https://openalex.org/W2060101223","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2086629758","https://openalex.org/W2095261729","https://openalex.org/W2103205750","https://openalex.org/W2108108164","https://openalex.org/W2112383081","https://openalex.org/W2122069218","https://openalex.org/W2122566937","https://openalex.org/W2133033754","https://openalex.org/W2154834928","https://openalex.org/W2165396812","https://openalex.org/W2167431837","https://openalex.org/W4238941077","https://openalex.org/W6606597099","https://openalex.org/W6684585471"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532075541","https://openalex.org/W2368026034","https://openalex.org/W2367777051","https://openalex.org/W3087014565","https://openalex.org/W1657914084","https://openalex.org/W2363964889","https://openalex.org/W257151485","https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2157723036","https://openalex.org/W2901265155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"overcome":[1],"the":[2,21,52,60,65,86,137,183],"challenges":[3],"of":[4,23,35,64,88,139,146],"parking":[5,24,77,89,97,101,114,129,140,157,168,189],"lot":[6,25,90,102,115,141,169,190],"structure":[7,26,91,116,170,191],"extraction":[8,22,79,138,159],"using":[9],"optical":[10],"remote":[11],"sensing":[12],"images,":[13],"this":[14,119,147],"study":[15,148],"proposes":[16],"an":[17,107,154,165],"automatic":[18],"method":[19,110,185],"for":[20,56,76,113,136],"by":[27],"integrating":[28],"LiDAR":[29,46,126],"data":[30,47,127],"and":[31,48,96,106,128,164,176,197],"orthophoto,":[32],"which":[33,100],"consists":[34],"three":[36],"steps.":[37],"The":[38,82,143,179],"first":[39],"step":[40,84],"is":[41,85,111],"to":[42,50],"extract":[43,188],"vehicles":[44],"from":[45,80,125,132],"then":[49],"identify":[51],"corresponding":[53],"central":[54,68,94,122],"axes":[55,69,95,123],"each":[57],"vehicle.":[58],"In":[59,118],"second":[61],"step,":[62],"orientations":[63],"identified":[66,124],"vehicle":[67,93,121],"are":[70,104,134],"used":[71,112],"as":[72],"principle":[73],"orientation":[74,162],"constraints":[75,163],"lines":[78,130,158],"orthophoto.":[81],"third":[83],"determination":[87,171],"with":[92,160,192],"lines,":[98],"in":[99,150],"parameters":[103],"calculated":[105],"adaptive":[108,177],"growth":[109],"determination.":[117],"method,":[120],"extracted":[131],"orthophoto":[133],"integrated":[135],"structures.":[142],"main":[144],"novelty":[145],"lies":[149],"two":[151],"new":[152],"algorithms:":[153],"algorithm":[155,166],"on":[156,167,173],"principal":[161],"based":[172],"parameter":[174],"solution":[175],"growth.":[178],"experiment":[180],"shows":[181],"that":[182],"proposed":[184],"can":[186],"effectively":[187],"high":[193,195],"correctness,":[194],"completeness,":[196],"good":[198],"geometric":[199],"accuracy.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
