{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2030629635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2238890","title":"Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction via the ENH-LTSA Method for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction via the ENH-LTSA Method for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2030629635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2238890","mag":"2030629635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2013.2238890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2238890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050009113","display_name":"Weiwei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3399-7858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","Coll. of Surveying & Geo- Inf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coll. of Surveying & Geo- Inf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090522228","display_name":"Avner Halevy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avner Halevy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Dept. of Math., Univ. of Maryland, Coll. Park, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Math., Univ. of Maryland, Coll. Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088060405","display_name":"John J. Benedetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0257-6401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John J. Benedetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Dept. of Math., Univ. of Maryland, Coll. Park, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Math., Univ. of Maryland, Coll. Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041174484","display_name":"Wojciech Czaja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9956-1881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wojciech Czaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Dept. of Math., Univ. of Maryland, Coll. Park, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Math., Univ. of Maryland, Coll. Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008880052","display_name":"Weiyue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3928-3998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiyue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","Coll. of Surveying & Geo- Inf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coll. of Surveying & Geo- Inf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003709575","display_name":"Chun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9319-1640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","Coll. of Surveying & Geo- Inf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coll. of Surveying & Geo- Inf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101007490","display_name":"Beiqi Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beiqi Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","Coll. of Surveying & Geo- Inf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coll. of Surveying & Geo- Inf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100733180","display_name":"Rongrong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0615-0838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongrong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","Dept. of Math., Univ. of Maryland, Coll. Park, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Math., Univ. of Maryland, Coll. Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050009113"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.8348,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97450061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"375","last_page":"388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5713880062103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.5703117251396179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5531877875328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.52970290184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tangent-space","display_name":"Tangent space","score":0.4905549883842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45554959774017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.442663311958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4125826358795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.41200560331344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38345393538475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08144602179527283}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5713880062103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.5703117251396179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5531877875328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.52970290184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157157409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909601","display_name":"Tangent space","level":2,"score":0.4905549883842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45554959774017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.442663311958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4125826358795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.41200560331344604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38345393538475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08144602179527283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2013.2238890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2013.2238890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11064632","https://openalex.org/W84941271","https://openalex.org/W206338564","https://openalex.org/W1492327544","https://openalex.org/W1516735418","https://openalex.org/W1540288699","https://openalex.org/W1550206324","https://openalex.org/W1768413389","https://openalex.org/W1918870341","https://openalex.org/W1968166203","https://openalex.org/W1971238646","https://openalex.org/W1974363244","https://openalex.org/W1983601383","https://openalex.org/W1986736933","https://openalex.org/W1997793294","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2030449718","https://openalex.org/W2039609561","https://openalex.org/W2040387238","https://openalex.org/W2041785029","https://openalex.org/W2043441451","https://openalex.org/W2043665634","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2070781258","https://openalex.org/W2083195097","https://openalex.org/W2089497633","https://openalex.org/W2095687521","https://openalex.org/W2097308346","https://openalex.org/W2100921418","https://openalex.org/W2104194245","https://openalex.org/W2106518202","https://openalex.org/W2108195330","https://openalex.org/W2108559168","https://openalex.org/W2111282613","https://openalex.org/W2114425727","https://openalex.org/W2117276693","https://openalex.org/W2117686912","https://openalex.org/W2118042967","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2130502756","https://openalex.org/W2131697388","https://openalex.org/W2149767701","https://openalex.org/W2151974894","https://openalex.org/W2164330327","https://openalex.org/W2164437025","https://openalex.org/W2167583754","https://openalex.org/W2171171329","https://openalex.org/W3023114228","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4320339642","https://openalex.org/W4387829155","https://openalex.org/W6600455252","https://openalex.org/W6632865047","https://openalex.org/W6676359484","https://openalex.org/W6679446029","https://openalex.org/W6684897833"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3211035526","https://openalex.org/W2907587524","https://openalex.org/W2031007444","https://openalex.org/W245179323","https://openalex.org/W4292879257","https://openalex.org/W2169201488","https://openalex.org/W2167440101","https://openalex.org/W2110459882","https://openalex.org/W2090269531","https://openalex.org/W2125244435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,92],"problems":[1],"of":[2,14,58,67,112,132,156,182,196],"neglecting":[3],"spatial":[4,99,118,133],"features":[5,100],"in":[6,22,101,221,225],"hyperspectral":[7],"imagery":[8],"(HSI)":[9],"and":[10,70,98,104,208,224],"the":[11,23,45,56,65,71,77,81,85,108,116,125,130,149,154,166,183,210],"high":[12],"complexity":[13,155],"Local":[15],"Tangent":[16,39],"Space":[17,40],"Alignment":[18],"(LTSA)":[19],"still":[20],"exist":[21],"nonlinear":[24],"dimensionality":[25],"reduction":[26],"with":[27,190,198],"LTSA":[28],"for":[29,129],"classification.":[30],"Therefore,":[31],"this":[32],"paper":[33],"proposes":[34],"an":[35],"innovative":[36],"ENH-LTSA":[37,211,217],"(Enhanced-Local":[38],"Alignment)":[41],"method":[42,79,151,168],"to":[43,53,63,106,122,152,177,205],"solve":[44],"two":[46,199],"problems.":[47],"First,":[48],"random":[49],"projection":[50],"is":[51,120,146,188],"introduced":[52],"preliminarily":[54],"reduce":[55,153],"dimension":[57],"HSI":[59,102,201],"data.":[60],"It":[61],"aims":[62],"improve":[64],"speed":[66,178],"neighbor":[68],"searching":[69],"local":[72,163,191],"tangent":[73,164],"space":[74],"construction.":[75],"Then,":[76],"new":[78,150,167],"presents":[80],"similarity":[82],"measure":[83],"via":[84,142],"adaptive":[86,117],"weighted":[87],"summation":[88],"kernel":[89],"(AWSK)":[90],"distance.":[91],"AWSK":[93],"distance":[94],"considers":[95],"both":[96,220],"spectral":[97],"data,":[103],"attempts":[105],"ameliorate":[107],"k-nearest":[109],"neighbors":[110],"(KNNs)":[111],"each":[113,162],"pixel.":[114],"Furthermore,":[115],"window":[119,127],"proposed":[121],"automatically":[123],"estimate":[124],"proper":[126],"size":[128],"description":[131],"features.":[134],"After":[135],"that,":[136],"fast":[137,171],"approximate":[138,173],"KNNs":[139,157],"graph":[140],"construction":[141],"Recursive":[143],"Lanczos":[144],"Bisection":[145],"incorporated":[147],"into":[148],"searching.":[158],"When":[159],"finishing":[160],"constructing":[161],"space,":[165],"uses":[169],"a":[170],"low-rank":[172],"singular":[174],"value":[175],"decomposition":[176,181],"up":[179],"eigenvalue":[180],"global":[184],"alignment":[185],"matrix":[186],"that":[187,216],"constituted":[189],"manifold":[192],"coordinates.":[193],"Five":[194],"groups":[195],"experiments":[197],"different":[200],"datasets":[202],"are":[203],"designed":[204],"completely":[206],"analyze":[207],"testify":[209],"method.":[212],"Experimental":[213],"results":[214,223],"show":[215],"outperforms":[218],"LTSA,":[219],"classification":[222],"computational":[226],"speed.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
