{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125513050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2009.2033612","title":"GPS Multipath and Its Relation to Near-Surface Soil Moisture Content","display_name":"GPS Multipath and Its Relation to Near-Surface Soil Moisture Content","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125513050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2009.2033612","mag":"2125513050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2009.2033612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2009.2033612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019287056","display_name":"Kristine M. Larson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-8885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristine M. Larson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA","Dept. of Aerosp. Eng. Sci., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Aerosp. Eng. Sci., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004712020","display_name":"John Braun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6380-7739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799356940","display_name":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04zhhyn23","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799356940"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John J. Braun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Corporation of Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA","COSMIC, Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Corporation of Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799356940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COSMIC, Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799356940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077647456","display_name":"Eric E. Small","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5010-4954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric E. Small","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA","Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023913082","display_name":"Valery U. Zavorotny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-683X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308126019","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80605987","display_name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/033tt8e33","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I80605987"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valery U. Zavorotny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth Systems Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA","Earth Syst. Res. Lab., Nat. Oceanic & Atmos. Adm., Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth Systems Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80605987","https://openalex.org/I1308126019"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth Syst. Res. Lab., Nat. Oceanic & Atmos. Adm., Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80605987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046667824","display_name":"E. D. Gutmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-3430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130392","display_name":"Research Applications (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2v3574","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152923","display_name":"NSF NCAR Research Applications Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05detrt70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107766831","https://openalex.org/I1311060795","https://openalex.org/I2799356940","https://openalex.org/I2799356940","https://openalex.org/I4210141337","https://openalex.org/I4210150888","https://openalex.org/I4387152923"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan D. Gutmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Applications Laboratory, National Corporation of Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA","Res. Applic. Lab., Nat. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Applications Laboratory, National Corporation of Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130392","https://openalex.org/I4387152923"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Res. Applic. Lab., Nat. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055453208","display_name":"Andria Bilich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4325-2324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308126019","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8459677","display_name":"NOAA National Geodetic Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/02f762h70","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1316690553","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I8459677"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andria L. Bilich","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA","Nat. Geodetic Survey, Nat. Oceanic & Atmos. Adm., Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8459677","https://openalex.org/I1308126019"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nat. Geodetic Survey, Nat. Oceanic & Atmos. Adm., Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8459677"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7332,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":299,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9681968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"91","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.8702736496925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.8374596834182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.6628795862197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6288319826126099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5912551879882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5597225427627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.44752442836761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.4415399134159088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture","display_name":"Moisture","score":0.4199731647968292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4147419035434723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.35327938199043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3397660255432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.2642027735710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.1966884434223175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19231262803077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12265235185623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.12033316493034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11877819895744324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11627614498138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07817938923835754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.8702736496925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.8374596834182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.6628795862197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6288319826126099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5912551879882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5597225427627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.44752442836761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.4415399134159088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.4199731647968292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4147419035434723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.35327938199043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3397660255432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.2642027735710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.1966884434223175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19231262803077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12265235185623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12033316493034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11877819895744324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11627614498138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07817938923835754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2009.2033612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2009.2033612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308377","display_name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05cvfcr44"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568600553","https://openalex.org/W1661908808","https://openalex.org/W1979154650","https://openalex.org/W1996746229","https://openalex.org/W1998742682","https://openalex.org/W2004069443","https://openalex.org/W2008150142","https://openalex.org/W2039367950","https://openalex.org/W2047797121","https://openalex.org/W2076190305","https://openalex.org/W2087898125","https://openalex.org/W2101293653","https://openalex.org/W2101322596","https://openalex.org/W2113130306","https://openalex.org/W2113454568","https://openalex.org/W2114528559","https://openalex.org/W2115817712","https://openalex.org/W2133747006","https://openalex.org/W2142109881","https://openalex.org/W2159223272","https://openalex.org/W2163150820","https://openalex.org/W2165144627","https://openalex.org/W2597156759","https://openalex.org/W2979562478","https://openalex.org/W6734685921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248597968","https://openalex.org/W2054128315","https://openalex.org/W1974846654","https://openalex.org/W2386611723","https://openalex.org/W1998073273","https://openalex.org/W337991944","https://openalex.org/W2184299274","https://openalex.org/W1645560203","https://openalex.org/W1983404271","https://openalex.org/W3117113036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Measurements":[0],"of":[1,76,116,189,197,202],"soil":[2,27,37,77,83,111,134,207],"moisture":[3,28,38,78,84,112,208],"at":[4,29],"various":[5],"spatial":[6],"and":[7,16,44,120,165],"temporal":[8],"scales":[9],"are":[10,92,108],"needed":[11],"to":[12,25,40,61,71,82,99,110,161,182],"study":[13],"the":[14,96,133,151,157,185,190,203],"water":[15,170],"carbon":[17],"cycles.":[18],"While":[19],"satellite":[20],"missions":[21,33],"have":[22],"been":[23],"planned":[24],"measure":[26,62],"global":[30,74],"scales,":[31],"these":[32,106],"also":[34],"need":[35],"ground-based":[36],"data":[39,107],"validate":[41],"their":[42],"observations":[43],"retrieval":[45],"algorithms.":[46],"Here,":[47],"we":[48],"demonstrate":[49],"that":[50,105,127],"signals":[51,129,193],"routinely":[52],"recorded":[53],"by":[54,94],"Global":[55],"Positioning":[56],"System":[57],"(GPS)":[58],"receivers":[59],"installed":[60],"crustal":[63],"deformation":[64],"for":[65,114],"geophysical":[66],"studies":[67],"could":[68],"be":[69],"used":[70],"provide":[72],"a":[73,195],"network":[75],"sensors.":[79],"The":[80],"sensitivity":[81],"is":[85,125,135,140,210],"seen":[86],"in":[87,144,153,187],"reflected":[88,191],"GPS":[89,97,128,158,192],"signals,":[90],"which":[91],"quantified":[93],"using":[95],"signal":[98,159],"noise":[100],"ratio":[101],"data.":[102],"We":[103],"show":[104,174],"sensitive":[109],"variations":[113],"areas":[115],"1000":[117],"m2":[118],"horizontally":[119],"1-6":[121],"cm":[122,214],"vertically.":[123],"It":[124],"demonstrated":[126],"penetrate":[130],"deeper":[131],"when":[132,138,206],"dry":[136],"than":[137,212],"it":[139],"wet.":[141],"This":[142],"change":[143,152,162],"penetration":[145],"or":[146],"\u00bfreflector\u00bf":[147],"depth,":[148],"along":[149],"with":[150,168,184,200],"dielectric":[154],"constant,":[155],"causes":[156],"strength":[160],"its":[163],"frequency":[164],"amplitude.":[166],"Comparisons":[167],"conventional":[169],"content":[171,209],"reflectometer":[172],"sensors":[173],"good":[175],"agreement":[176],"(r":[177],"<sup":[178,215,219],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[179,216,220],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[180],"=0.9":[181],"0.76)":[183],"variation":[186],"frequencies":[188],"over":[194],"period":[196],"7":[198],"months,":[199],"most":[201],"disagreement":[204],"occurring":[205],"less":[211],"0.1":[213],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sup>":[217,221],"/cm":[218],".":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}