{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417438962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3638897","title":"CSUM: A 28-nm Vertical-Feature-Shift and Horizontal-Weight-Shift-Based Separate-WL 6T-SRAM Computing-in-Memory Unit Macro for Edge Depthwise Neural-Networks","display_name":"CSUM: A 28-nm Vertical-Feature-Shift and Horizontal-Weight-Shift-Based Separate-WL 6T-SRAM Computing-in-Memory Unit Macro for Edge Depthwise Neural-Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417438962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3638897"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3638897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3638897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107006115","display_name":"Bo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6250-172X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6250-172X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1227-3233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1227-3233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047947521","display_name":"Feiran Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-4043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feiran Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuchen Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7157-9353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7157-9353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102369507","display_name":"Yuchen Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2400-1327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2400-1327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoxue Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5068-6845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxue Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5068-6845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110757487","display_name":"Defa Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9324-8243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Defa Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9324-8243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067052957","display_name":"Tianzhu Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0618-374X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianzhu Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0618-374X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013360615","display_name":"An Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4677-6114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422233","display_name":"Xiaomin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8252-1074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089056","display_name":"Beijing Microelectronics Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/007y7ej30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Starting Line Wearable Microelectronics Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Starting Line Wearable Microelectronics Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000787204","display_name":"Xin Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-0087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-0087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030384645","display_name":"Jun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-0321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-0321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3427464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"7","first_page":"3746","last_page":"3758"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.39430001378059387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.39430001378059387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.3228999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.16089999675750732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.6779000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.6700999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5738000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.564300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.5166000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.43849998712539673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.6779000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.6700999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6252999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5738000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.564300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5166000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14580979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876049","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3638897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3638897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8309512887","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92264203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G926843447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62522403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"pursuit":[1],"of":[2,122,128],"lightweight":[3,25],"design":[4],"is":[5,21],"a":[6,34,49,63,71,96],"critical":[7],"research":[8],"focus":[9],"and":[10,58,65,79,85,93,108,125,138,157,167,175,186],"imperative":[11],"for":[12,17,23,40,56,90,133,160],"advancing":[13],"edge-AI":[14],"networks.":[15],"Support":[16],"depthwise":[18],"(DW)":[19],"convolutions":[20],"essential":[22],"many":[24],"convolutional":[26],"neural":[27,43],"network":[28],"(CNN)":[29],"models.":[30],"This":[31],"article":[32],"introduces":[33],"6T-SRAM-based":[35],"computing-in-memory":[36],"(SRAM-CIM)":[37],"unit":[38,67],"macro":[39,52],"edge":[41],"DW":[42,59,91,140,161,168],"networks,":[44],"capable":[45],"of:":[46],"1)":[47],"implementing":[48],"current-domain":[50],"CIM":[51],"with":[53,142],"low-area":[54],"overhead":[55],"standard":[57,166],"convolution;":[60,92],"2)":[61],"adopting":[62],"computing":[64],"shift":[66],"(CSU)":[68],"based":[69],"on":[70],"separate-WL":[72],"6T":[73],"structure":[74],"to":[75,101,147],"achieve":[76],"vertical-feature-shift":[77],"(VFS)":[78],"horizontal-weight-shift,":[80],"thereby":[81],"enabling":[82],"shifting-in-memory":[83],"(SIM)":[84],"optimizing":[86],"memory":[87],"data":[88],"access":[89],"3)":[94],"employing":[95],"computation-current-tracked":[97],"current-to-digital":[98],"conversion":[99],"scheme":[100],"free":[102],"the":[103,154],"signal":[104],"voltage":[105],"margin":[106],"limitation":[107],"reduce":[109],"area":[110,126,158,176],"overhead.":[111],"A":[112],"fabricated":[113],"28-nm":[114],"9-kb":[115],"SRAM-CIM":[116,149],"unit-macro":[117],"achieves":[118,153],"an":[119],"energy":[120,156,174],"efficiency":[121,127,159,177],"14.24":[123],"TOPS/W":[124],"500":[129],"GOPS/mm<sup":[130],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[131,180,188],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[132],"8-bit":[134,136],"inputs,":[135],"weights,":[137],"full-precision":[139],"convolution":[141],"nine-channel":[143],"accumulation":[144],"outputs.":[145],"Compared":[146],"recent":[148],"macros,":[150],"this":[151],"work":[152],"highest":[155],"convolution.":[162],"When":[163],"considering":[164],"both":[165],"convolution,":[169],"it":[170],"also":[171],"improves":[172],"comprehensive":[173],"by":[178],"<inline-formula":[179,187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[181,189],"<tex-math":[182,190],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.34\\times":[183],"$</tex-math>":[184,192],"</inline-formula>":[185],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.47\\times":[191],"</inline-formula>,":[193],"respectively.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}
