{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415743475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3623731","title":"A 0.2-V Edge-Pursuit Continuous-Time Ising Machine Using Ring-Oscillator Collapse and Delay-Enabled Positive Feedback","display_name":"A 0.2-V Edge-Pursuit Continuous-Time Ising Machine Using Ring-Oscillator Collapse and Delay-Enabled Positive Feedback","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415743475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3623731"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3623731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3623731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101353993","display_name":"Bocheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6539-7896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bocheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6539-7896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011379172","display_name":"Jiahao Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6296-1905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066653944","display_name":"Xiyuan Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181-9042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyuan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence and the School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181-9042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence and the School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045313745","display_name":"Haoyang Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3342-7086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyang Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence and the School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3342-7086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence and the School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785513","display_name":"Zihan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-2670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-2670","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002760019","display_name":"Runsheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7514-0767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runsheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7514-0767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045958734","display_name":"Xiaochen Bo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1911-7922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochen Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002438548","display_name":"Yuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4951-4286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4951-4286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (MoE), MPW Center, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14979177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"6","first_page":"3113","last_page":"3124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8783000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8783000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.02590000070631504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.011800000444054604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ising-model","display_name":"Ising model","score":0.7283999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.6848999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.620199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5773000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spins","display_name":"Spins","score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissipation","display_name":"Dissipation","score":0.35269999504089355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51329190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076349","display_name":"Ising model","level":2,"score":0.7283999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.6848999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.620199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5773000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778870898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7577658","display_name":"Spins","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135402231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440","display_name":"Dissipation","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992371110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076349","display_name":"Ising spin","level":3,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42704618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199622910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128326","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","level":3,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99692599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596577","display_name":"Dissipative system","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187075797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173245","display_name":"Sequential logic","level":3,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3623731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3623731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5760870415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62304009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G927165947","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CMOS-based":[0],"continuous-time":[1],"(CT)":[2],"Ising":[3,25,47,75],"machines":[4,26,48],"have":[5],"recently":[6],"emerged":[7],"as":[8],"promising":[9],"hardware":[10],"to":[11],"address":[12],"combinatorial":[13],"optimization":[14],"problems":[15],"(COPs)":[16],"rapidly":[17],"and":[18,35,57,92,108,188],"efficiently.":[19],"Leveraging":[20],"analog":[21,51],"spin":[22,203],"states,":[23],"CT":[24,46,74],"eliminate":[27],"the":[28,54,90,100,181],"clock":[29],"constraint":[30],"for":[31,40,204],"fast":[32],"solving":[33],"speeds":[34],"establish":[36],"superposed":[37,87],"initial":[38],"states":[39],"improved":[41],"solution":[42,62,171],"quality.":[43],"However,":[44],"prior":[45],"suffer":[49],"from":[50],"nonidealities":[52],"during":[53],"initialization,":[55],"interaction,":[56],"readout":[58,109],"processes,":[59],"resulting":[60],"in":[61,105,150],"quality":[63,173],"degradation.":[64],"In":[65,179],"light":[66],"of":[67,157,172,177,195],"this,":[68],"this":[69],"work":[70],"presents":[71],"an":[72,192],"edge-pursuit":[73,112],"machine":[76],"based":[77],"on":[78],"even-stage":[79],"ring-oscillators":[80],"(ESROs).":[81],"The":[82,111,137],"ESRO":[83],"inherently":[84],"establishes":[85],"a":[86,96,122,154,170,205],"state":[88,98],"at":[89,99,191],"beginning":[91],"spontaneously":[93],"collapses":[94],"into":[95],"binary":[97],"end,":[101],"avoiding":[102],"analog-domain":[103],"operation":[104],"both":[106],"initialization":[107],"processes.":[110],"mechanism":[113],"with":[114,133,175],"consistent":[115],"coupling":[116],"strength":[117],"ensures":[118],"reliable":[119],"interactions.":[120],"Furthermore,":[121],"delay-enabled":[123],"positive":[124],"feedback":[125],"(PF)":[126],"circuit":[127],"is":[128],"implemented,":[129],"combining":[130],"high-quality":[131],"interaction":[132],"high":[134,155],"convergence":[135],"speed.":[136],"<inline-formula":[138,158],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[139,159],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[140,160],"<tex-math":[141,161],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$40":[142],"\\times":[143],"40$</tex-math>":[144],"</inline-formula>":[145,165],"spins":[146],"prototype":[147],"chip,":[148],"fabricated":[149],"28-nm":[151],"CMOS,":[152],"achieves":[153],"density":[156],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$66.5~\\mu":[162],"\\text":[163],"{m}^{2}$</tex-math>":[164],"per":[166,202],"spin.":[167],"It":[168],"delivers":[169],"competitive":[174],"that":[176],"software.":[178],"addition,":[180],"design":[182],"demonstrates":[183],"excellent":[184],"process-voltage-temperature":[185],"(PVT)":[186],"robustness":[187],"operates":[189],"efficiently":[190],"ultra-low":[193],"voltage":[194],"0.2":[196],"V,":[197],"consuming":[198],"only":[199],"12":[200],"fJ":[201],"max-cut":[206],"problem.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-31T00:00:00"}