{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414693305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3607826","title":"DPIM: A 2T1C eDRAM Transformer-in-Memory Chip With Sparsity-Aware Quantization and Heterogeneous Dense\u2013Sparse Core","display_name":"DPIM: A 2T1C eDRAM Transformer-in-Memory Chip With Sparsity-Aware Quantization and Heterogeneous Dense\u2013Sparse Core","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414693305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3607826"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3607826","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3607826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682312","display_name":"Donghyuk Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4979-7255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghyuk Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4979-7255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jae-Young Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9185-1760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Young Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9185-1760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000923117","display_name":"Hyunjun Cho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunjun Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2378-852X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109887518","display_name":"Seung-Jae Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungjae Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028610882","display_name":"Suk Jin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3285-0806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sukjin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093383457","display_name":"Sungwoong Yune","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungwoong Yune","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5440-9265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sejeong Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sejeong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035200229","display_name":"Hoichang Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2391-1814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoichang Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2391-1814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048848694","display_name":"Keonhee Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-5484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keonhee Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-5484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047408642","display_name":"Ki-Soo Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ki-Soo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6019-5430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014740862","display_name":"J.-S. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongchan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9694-2079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108992278","display_name":"Chanheum Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chanheum Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1344-8341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014283028","display_name":"Gunmo Koo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4175-9717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gunmo Koo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4175-9717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuli Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3345-5112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuli Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3345-5112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101414679","display_name":"Jae\u2010Jin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9292-5584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaejin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9292-5584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jaemin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4455-0367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaemin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4455-0367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101638097","display_name":"Kyuho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-1013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyuho Jason Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-1013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045809760","display_name":"Joo\u2010Hyung Chae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-5612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joo-Hyung Chae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-5612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038055090","display_name":"Kunhee Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-0505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunhee Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Semiconductor Convergence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-0505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Semiconductor Convergence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447377","display_name":"Joo-Young Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1099-1496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joo-Young Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1099-1496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14359045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"5","first_page":"2349","last_page":"2364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-on-a-chip","display_name":"System on a chip","score":0.38019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6668999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5263000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118021083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610398","display_name":"System on a chip","level":2,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128624480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504817","display_name":"Low voltage","level":3,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780745134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940751","display_name":"Voltage reduction","level":3,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781357197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5757597","display_name":"High memory","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3607826","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3607826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3128966520","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3202028501","https://openalex.org/W4214612132","https://openalex.org/W4220990849","https://openalex.org/W4225739994","https://openalex.org/W4286571868","https://openalex.org/W4308083513","https://openalex.org/W4312847929","https://openalex.org/W4313117725","https://openalex.org/W4313467238","https://openalex.org/W4360605969","https://openalex.org/W4360831844","https://openalex.org/W4380881077","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386108348","https://openalex.org/W4387490588","https://openalex.org/W4388469893","https://openalex.org/W4391892592","https://openalex.org/W4392719445","https://openalex.org/W4392739437","https://openalex.org/W4392746404","https://openalex.org/W4394966876","https://openalex.org/W4399146344","https://openalex.org/W4401247357","https://openalex.org/W4403422380","https://openalex.org/W4403675551","https://openalex.org/W4405521209","https://openalex.org/W7133227460"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformer":[0],"models":[1],"have":[2,29],"revolutionized":[3],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"applications":[7],"across":[8,199],"various":[9],"domains,":[10],"but":[11],"their":[12],"increasing":[13],"complexity":[14],"poses":[15],"significant":[16,284],"challenges":[17,93],"in":[18,109,286],"terms":[19],"of":[20,54,117,132,152,187,194,210,220,229,244],"computational":[21,166],"and":[22,59,65,74,112,119,137,142,168,190,201,266],"memory":[23,77],"demands.":[24],"While":[25],"processing-in-memory":[26],"(PIM)":[27],"paradigms":[28],"been":[30],"adopted":[31],"to":[32,237],"address":[33],"these":[34,92,161],"limitations,":[35],"existing":[36],"PIM-based":[37],"transformer":[38,291],"accelerators":[39],"still":[40],"face":[41],"hurdles":[42],"such":[43],"as:":[44],"1)":[45,98],"focusing":[46],"solely":[47],"on":[48,252],"optimizing":[49],"attention":[50],"layers;":[51],"2)":[52,126],"lack":[53],"sparsity":[55,108],"exploitation":[56],"for":[57,289],"transformers;":[58],"3)":[60,143],"limited":[61],"PIM":[62,129,157],"macro":[63,218,261],"capacity":[64],"low":[66],"cell":[67,148],"density,":[68],"which":[69],"degrades":[70],"on-chip":[71,173],"data":[72,174],"reuse":[73],"increases":[75,106],"external":[76],"access":[78],"(EMA).":[79],"This":[80],"article":[81],"presents":[82],"DPIM,":[83],"a":[84,99,127,144,150,185,207,216,226,241,283],"novel":[85],"2T1C":[86,146],"eDRAM-based":[87],"transformer-in-memory":[88],"chip":[89,224],"that":[90,104],"addresses":[91],"through":[94],"three":[95],"key":[96],"innovations:":[97],"sparsity-aware":[100],"quantization":[101],"(SAQ)":[102],"scheme":[103],"significantly":[105],"bit-slice":[107],"both":[110,135],"activation":[111],"weight":[113],"data,":[114],"achieving":[115],"ratios":[116],"83.3%":[118],"88.4%,":[120],"respectively,":[121],"with":[122,149,171,240],"minimal":[123],"accuracy":[124],"loss;":[125],"heterogeneous":[128],"core":[130],"capable":[131],"efficiently":[133],"handling":[134],"sparse":[136],"dense":[138],"matrix":[139],"multiplications":[140],"(MMs);":[141],"high-density":[145],"eDRAM":[147],"density":[151,209,262,269],"1.38":[153],"Mb/mm2,":[154],"enabling":[155],"large-capacity":[156],"macros.":[158],"By":[159],"integrating":[160],"features,":[162],"DPIM":[163,177,248],"achieves":[164,184,206],"improved":[165],"efficiency":[167,193],"reduced":[169],"EMA":[170],"enhanced":[172],"reuse.":[175],"The":[176,247],"chip,":[178],"fabricated":[179],"using":[180],"28-nm":[181],"CMOS":[182],"technology,":[183],"throughput":[186,208],"3.03\u201312.12":[188],"TOPS":[189],"an":[191],"energy":[192],"4.84\u201319.36":[195],"TOPS/W,":[196],"all":[197],"measured":[198],"INT8":[200,213],"INT4":[202],"operations,":[203],"respectively.":[204],"It":[205],"0.55":[211],"TOPS/mm2with":[212],"operation.":[214],"With":[215],"total":[217],"size":[219],"4608":[221],"kb,":[222],"the":[223,253,267],"occupies":[225],"die":[227],"area":[228],"20.25":[230],"mm2and":[231],"operates":[232],"at":[233],"frequencies":[234],"from":[235],"50":[236],"285":[238],"MHz":[239],"supply":[242],"voltage":[243],"0.85\u20131.0":[245],"V.":[246],"successfully":[249],"executes":[250],"BERT-Large":[251],"general":[254],"language":[255],"understanding":[256],"evaluation":[257],"(GLUE)":[258],"dataset.":[259],"Its":[260],"is":[263],"1413":[264],"kb/mm2,":[265],"resulting":[268],"figure-of-merit":[270],"(FoM)":[271],"(macro":[272],"density$\\times":[273],"$throughput":[274],"density)":[275],"is$1.6\\times":[276],"$\u2013$115.8\\times":[277],"$higher":[278],"than":[279],"previous":[280],"works,":[281],"representing":[282],"advancement":[285],"hardware":[287],"design":[288],"efficient":[290],"processing.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
