{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410615799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3568186","title":"Enabling Energy-Efficient Homomorphic Encryption Evaluation via eDRAM-Based In-Situ Computing in an Edge Processor","display_name":"Enabling Energy-Efficient Homomorphic Encryption Evaluation via eDRAM-Based In-Situ Computing in an Edge Processor","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410615799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3568186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3568186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3568186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023201867","display_name":"Luchang Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1293-7891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luchang Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1293-7891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105708259","display_name":"Y. S. Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7616-1914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongqing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7616-1914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xinhang Zou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhang Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094019303","display_name":"Zhou Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9341-124X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032444529","display_name":"Zian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-1155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091712509","display_name":"Yifan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1320-6226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1320-6226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109438734","display_name":"Guo Zhen Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gangfeng Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6731-5629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083017828","display_name":"Zhenyu Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-338X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-338X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023755254","display_name":"Huazhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huazhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045721867","display_name":"Yongpan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-2309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongpan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-2309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065421587","display_name":"Song Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-6203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-6203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088075152","display_name":"Hongyang Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8692-1860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyang Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8692-1860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74802851,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"7","first_page":"2405","last_page":"2419"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.941100001335144,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7816979885101318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7078860998153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5557512044906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.42272618412971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.41937553882598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-situ","display_name":"In situ","score":0.4158066511154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3388708531856537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.24684545397758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.09979331493377686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7816979885101318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7078860998153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5557512044906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.42272618412971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.41937553882598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216681","display_name":"In situ","level":2,"score":0.4158066511154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3388708531856537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.24684545397758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.09979331493377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3568186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3568186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1139869972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327539","funder_display_name":"Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1666343853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62374101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8677573721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8782032212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62374101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327539","funder_display_name":"Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327539","display_name":"Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336067","display_name":"Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536392520","https://openalex.org/W2004814164","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2309997581","https://openalex.org/W2321307031","https://openalex.org/W2508317201","https://openalex.org/W2544955103","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2770020066","https://openalex.org/W2896479683","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2904200161","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2999356938","https://openalex.org/W3019423257","https://openalex.org/W3093626305","https://openalex.org/W3113491849","https://openalex.org/W3116767319","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W4214883652","https://openalex.org/W4226216812","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4289830854","https://openalex.org/W4308016342","https://openalex.org/W4360606636","https://openalex.org/W4360831791","https://openalex.org/W4360831815","https://openalex.org/W4384159582","https://openalex.org/W4385218852","https://openalex.org/W4386328210","https://openalex.org/W4387411222","https://openalex.org/W4388208193","https://openalex.org/W4391127233","https://openalex.org/W4392028742","https://openalex.org/W4392745538","https://openalex.org/W4392745539","https://openalex.org/W4392746404","https://openalex.org/W4392746569","https://openalex.org/W4394998599","https://openalex.org/W4399939041","https://openalex.org/W4403677046","https://openalex.org/W4403677496","https://openalex.org/W4403758947","https://openalex.org/W4404753977","https://openalex.org/W6670317494","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6806094701","https://openalex.org/W6995710673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408218896","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4406779505","https://openalex.org/W4403623784","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W4407007798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,42,181],"work":[1],"demonstrates":[2],"an":[3],"edge":[4],"processor":[5,71],"featuring":[6],"programmable":[7,110],"and":[8,18,39,84,98,108,119,171,190,222],"energy-efficient":[9],"homomorphic":[10],"encryption":[11,185],"(HE)":[12],"evaluation":[13,75],"using":[14,200],"in-situ":[15,88],"computing":[16,20],"(ISC)":[17],"in-memory":[19],"(IMC)":[21],"techniques.":[22],"HE":[23,48,74,89,132,206],"has":[24,43],"been":[25],"a":[26,142,150,157,172,216,223],"promising":[27],"candidate":[28],"for":[29],"privacy-preserving":[30],"computing;":[31],"however,":[32],"it":[33],"is":[34],"challenged":[35],"by":[36],"extreme":[37],"computation":[38],"storage":[40,107,174],"inflation.":[41],"motivated":[44],"pioneering":[45],"works":[46],"on":[47,76,208],"hardware":[49],"in":[50,146],"domain-specific":[51],"accelerator":[52],"(DSA)":[53],"forms,":[54],"whose":[55],"nature":[56],"of":[57,154,160,176,196,219,227],"von":[58],"Neumann":[59],"architecture":[60,72,120],"limits":[61],"their":[62],"further":[63],"gains":[64,129],"with":[65,130,141,164,186,215],"high-dimensional":[66],"intermediate":[67,80],"ciphertext.":[68],"The":[69,87,193],"demonstrated":[70,145],"enables":[73,182],"the":[77,187,201,209],"edge,":[78],"addressing":[79],"ciphertext\u2019s":[81],"heavy":[82],"buffering":[83],"swapping":[85],"overheads.":[86],"processing":[90],"core":[91],"(ISHEPC)":[92],"employs":[93],"tightly":[94],"coupled":[95],"dynamic":[96],"logic":[97],"eDRAM":[99],"bit":[100,123,167],"cells":[101,124],"to":[102],"enable":[103],"highly":[104],"dense":[105],"local":[106,173],"parallel":[109],"computing.":[111],"An":[112],"automorphism":[113],"network":[114],"implemented":[115],"at":[116,168,230],"both":[117,163],"circuit":[118],"levels":[121],"connects":[122],"across":[125],"ISHEPCs,":[126],"harnessing":[127],"chip-level":[128],"efficient":[131],"data":[133,189],"swapping.":[134],"A":[135],"silicon":[136],"prototype":[137],"integrating":[138],"eight":[139],"ISHEPCs":[140],"RISC-V":[143],"CPU":[144],"28-nm":[147],"CMOS":[148],"achieves":[149,212],"peak":[151,158,217,224],"energy":[152,225],"efficiency":[153,226],"3.04":[155],"M-NTT/J,":[156],"throughput":[159,218],"13.9":[161],"k-NTT/s,":[162],"4096-D":[165],"19":[166],"0.8":[169,231],"V,":[170],"density":[175],"2.33":[177],"Mb/mm<sup":[178],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[179],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>.":[180],"620-k-Op/J":[183],"CKKS":[184],"same":[188],"voltage":[191],"configurations.":[192],"system":[194,204],"demonstration":[195],"support-vector-machine":[197],"(SVM)":[198],"inference":[199],"CKKS-residue":[202],"number":[203],"(RNS)":[205],"scheme":[207],"LFW":[210],"dataset":[211],"85.5%":[213],"accuracy":[214],"2.2":[220],"Op/s":[221],"500":[228],"Op/J":[229],"V.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
