{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410153278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3564624","title":"An Indirect ToF Sensor With In-Pixel Adaptive \u0394\u03a3 -Scheme for Background Light Rejection and Floating Diffusion Mismatch Cancellation","display_name":"An Indirect ToF Sensor With In-Pixel Adaptive \u0394\u03a3 -Scheme for Background Light Rejection and Floating Diffusion Mismatch Cancellation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410153278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3564624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3564624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3564624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086666029","display_name":"Yongjae Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6093-9330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjae Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6093-9330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015928996","display_name":"Jubin Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0696-3097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jubin Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0696-3097","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002052875","display_name":"Dahwan Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-0890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134353371","display_name":"SK Group (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03696td91","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dahwan Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["SK hynix, Icheon-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-0890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SK hynix, Icheon-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134353371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077733516","display_name":"Jung-Hye Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3546-3227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung-Hye Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3546-3227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007742298","display_name":"Seonghyeok Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5341-2293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seonghyeok Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5341-2293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038128247","display_name":"Insang Son","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-1358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124172","display_name":"Solid (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03brafa64","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124172"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Insang Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["SolidVue Co., Seongnam-si, South Korea","SolidVue Co, Seongnam-si, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6878-1358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SolidVue Co., Seongnam-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SolidVue Co, Seongnam-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124172"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100321810","display_name":"Seong\u2010Jin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-5148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong-Jin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-5148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3075,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49209142,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"11","first_page":"4088","last_page":"4100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.945900022983551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6862499117851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion","display_name":"Diffusion","score":0.4754906892776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4749225080013275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4156970977783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.32461583614349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30346807837486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2361947000026703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16879472136497498}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6862499117851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.4754906892776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4749225080013275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4156970977783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.32461583614349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30346807837486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2361947000026703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16879472136497498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3564624","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2025.3564624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8776792012","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2021-NR059470","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317879","display_name":"SK Hynix","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580771026","https://openalex.org/W1975328031","https://openalex.org/W1988382151","https://openalex.org/W2007873071","https://openalex.org/W2020640905","https://openalex.org/W2038643807","https://openalex.org/W2054559623","https://openalex.org/W2057171916","https://openalex.org/W2078782318","https://openalex.org/W2132347110","https://openalex.org/W2154676620","https://openalex.org/W2166307883","https://openalex.org/W2743826502","https://openalex.org/W2790853419","https://openalex.org/W2883871536","https://openalex.org/W2966262693","https://openalex.org/W2997346195","https://openalex.org/W3004020220","https://openalex.org/W3085380924","https://openalex.org/W3189245621","https://openalex.org/W3204766074","https://openalex.org/W4205464024","https://openalex.org/W4312516508","https://openalex.org/W4318827279","https://openalex.org/W4380995214","https://openalex.org/W4385192388","https://openalex.org/W4385192490","https://openalex.org/W4389888522","https://openalex.org/W4391365560","https://openalex.org/W4401881666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885","https://openalex.org/W2298861036","https://openalex.org/W2271181815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,103,130,138,170,180],"160":[4],"\u00d7":[5],"120":[6],"indirect":[7],"time-of-flight":[8],"(iToF)":[9],"sensor":[10,109],"with":[11,30,57,120,137,179],"an":[12,72],"in-pixel":[13,73],"adaptive":[14,48,163],"\u0394\u03a3-scheme":[15,49,164],"that":[16],"controls":[17],"the":[18,47,52,64,68,147,155,188],"number":[19,53],"of":[20,54,158,174],"sub-integration":[21],"times":[22],"adaptively":[23],"to":[24,41,59,62,81,85,117,152,169],"mitigate":[25],"large":[26],"background":[27],"light":[28],"(BGL)":[29],"alleviated":[31],"reset":[32],"noise":[33,65,125],"penalty.":[34],"A":[35],"pixel-level":[36],"charge":[37,69],"amplifier":[38],"is":[39,79],"employed":[40],"suppress":[42],"common-mode":[43],"BGL":[44,60,95,166,171],"charge,":[45],"while":[46],"automatically":[50],"selects":[51],"charge-subtraction":[55],"operations":[56],"respect":[58],"intensity":[61],"reduce":[63],"contribution":[66],"from":[67,115,150],"amplifier.":[70],"Additionally,":[71],"floating":[74],"diffusion":[75],"(FD)":[76],"swapping":[77,145],"technique":[78],"proposed":[80,98,143,162],"alleviate":[82],"non-idealities":[83],"due":[84],"FD":[86,144],"mismatches,":[87],"such":[88],"as":[89],"depth":[90,113,124,148,156],"linearity":[91],"degradation":[92],"and":[93,126,187],"residual":[94],"charge.":[96],"The":[97,142,161],"iToF":[99],"sensor,":[100],"fabricated":[101],"in":[102,129],"110-nm":[104],"backside":[105],"illumination":[106],"CMOS":[107],"image":[108],"(CIS)":[110],"process,":[111],"acquires":[112],"images":[114],"0.3":[116],"2.9":[118],"m":[119],"less":[121],"than":[122,197],"2.7%":[123],"2.1%":[127],"non-linearity":[128,149],"10-ms":[131],"integration":[132],"time,":[133],"offering":[134],"30":[135],"fps":[136],"50-MHz":[139],"modulation":[140],"frequency.":[141],"improves":[146],"3.8%":[151],"1.5%":[153],"for":[154],"range":[157],"0.6\u20133":[159],"m.":[160],"supports":[165],"resilience":[167],"up":[168],"optical":[172,184],"power":[173],"3.3":[175],"mW/cm2at":[176],"940":[177],"nm":[178],"30-nm":[181],"bandwidth":[182],"(BW)":[183],"bandpass":[185],"filter,":[186],"prototype":[189],"has":[190],"been":[191],"successfully":[192],"demonstrated":[193],"outdoors":[194],"under":[195],"more":[196],"60-klx":[198],"sunlight.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}