{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396605255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2024.3391665","title":"A 25.1-TOPS/W Sparsity-Aware Hybrid CNN-GCN Deep Learning SoC for Mobile Augmented Reality","display_name":"A 25.1-TOPS/W Sparsity-Aware Hybrid CNN-GCN Deep Learning SoC for Mobile Augmented Reality","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396605255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2024.3391665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2024.3391665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2024.3391665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023680554","display_name":"Wen-Cong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1328-4087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148979","display_name":"MediaTek (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/05g9jck81","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148979"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Cong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","MediaTek, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MediaTek, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016489406","display_name":"I-Ting Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9025-9611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["TW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I-Ting Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110931362","display_name":"Ying-Sheng Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying-Sheng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041041981","display_name":"Wen-Ching Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Ching Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041221935","display_name":"Liang-Yi Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang-Yi Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022084541","display_name":"Nian-Shyang Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nian-Shyang Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100744093","display_name":"Chun\u2010Pin Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-1113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Pin Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080379943","display_name":"Chi\u2010Shi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120917","display_name":"Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wx79d08","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Shi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120917"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101750729","display_name":"Chia\u2010Hsiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-321X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Hsiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Department of Electrical Engineering and the Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-321X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and the Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8562,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8533907,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"11","first_page":"3840","last_page":"3852"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6009926795959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tops","display_name":"TOPS","score":0.5900755524635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5131567120552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.5000829696655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41928011178970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.417999804019928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2324512004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.06925731897354126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6009926795959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777675136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835642","display_name":"TOPS","level":3,"score":0.5900755524635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5131567120552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.5000829696655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41928011178970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.417999804019928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2324512004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.06925731897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2024.3391665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2024.3391665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2925935699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC 112-2218-E-002-029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323900","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2067523571","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2152332944","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2593564159","https://openalex.org/W2604321021","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2738929809","https://openalex.org/W2896983500","https://openalex.org/W2899936784","https://openalex.org/W2917852278","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921967969","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W2963076818","https://openalex.org/W2964134613","https://openalex.org/W2964988320","https://openalex.org/W3015391117","https://openalex.org/W3034999503","https://openalex.org/W3108485846","https://openalex.org/W3135859967","https://openalex.org/W3157609068","https://openalex.org/W3180331364","https://openalex.org/W3183954477","https://openalex.org/W4220686330","https://openalex.org/W4240168186","https://openalex.org/W4280543907","https://openalex.org/W4285286496","https://openalex.org/W4286571985","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4324135644","https://openalex.org/W4327521799","https://openalex.org/W4387411174","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6764039759","https://openalex.org/W6766978945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W4323565446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Augmented":[0],"reality":[1],"(AR)":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"applied":[5],"to":[6,64,86,127,136,204,234],"various":[7,193],"mobile":[8,53],"applications.":[9],"Modern":[10],"AR":[11],"algorithms":[12],"include":[13],"neural":[14,19],"networks,":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17],"convolutional":[18,24],"networks":[20,25,33],"(CNNs)":[21],"and":[22,68,96,132,141,153,164,208],"graph":[23,154],"(GCNs).":[26],"The":[27,167],"high":[28],"computational":[29],"complexity":[30],"of":[31,138,143,181,250],"these":[32],"poses":[34],"challenges":[35],"for":[36,52,118,161,213],"real-time":[37],"operation":[38],"on":[39,78],"energy-constrained":[40],"devices.":[41],"This":[42],"article":[43],"presents":[44],"the":[45,59,73,151,199,248,251],"first":[46],"energy-efficient":[47,225],"hybrid":[48],"CNN-GCN":[49],"system-on-chip":[50],"(SoC)":[51],"AR.":[54],"A":[55,110,122,156],"CNN":[56,120,215],"engine":[57,124],"exploits":[58],"channel-wise":[60],"structured":[61],"feature":[62],"sparsity":[63,194],"eliminate":[65],"redundant":[66],"computations":[67],"data":[69,152],"movements.":[70],"By":[71,191],"utilizing":[72],"proposed":[74,168],"channel-sparse":[75],"encoding":[76],"scheme":[77],"a":[79,173,178,209],"specialized":[80],"processing":[81],"element":[82],"(PE)":[83],"architecture,":[84],"up":[85,203,233],"8":[87],"<inline-formula":[88,98,184,218,240],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[89,99,185,219,241],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[90,100,186,220,242],"<tex-math":[91,101,187,221,243],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times$</tex-math>":[92,102,222,244],"</inline-formula>":[93,103,189,223,245],"higher":[94,104,224],"throughput":[95],"6.1":[97],"energy":[105,211],"efficiency":[106,212],"can":[107,146],"be":[108,147],"achieved.":[109],"reconfigurable":[111],"convolution":[112],"PE":[113],"(CPE)":[114],"array":[115],"is":[116,125,159,170],"deployed":[117],"efficient":[119],"inference.":[121],"GCN":[123],"designed":[126],"implement":[128],"skeleton-based":[129],"action":[130],"recognition":[131,237],"gesture":[133],"recognition.":[134],"Up":[135],"71%":[137],"total":[139],"operations":[140],"39%":[142],"memory":[144],"footprint":[145],"reduced":[148],"by":[149],"leveraging":[150],"properties.":[155],"RISC-V":[157],"MCU":[158],"integrated":[160],"system":[162],"control":[163],"network":[165,197],"deployment.":[166],"SoC":[169],"implemented":[171],"in":[172],"28-nm":[174],"CMOS":[175],"technology":[176],"with":[177],"core":[179],"area":[180],"8.28":[182],"mm":[183],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$^2$</tex-math>":[188],".":[190],"exploiting":[192],"levels":[195],"across":[196],"layers,":[198],"chip":[200],"achieves":[201,231],"an":[202,232],"3.277-TOPS":[205],"peak":[206],"performance":[207],"25.1-TOPS/W":[210],"sparse":[214],"inference,":[216],"2.0":[217],"than":[226,247],"prior":[227],"arts.":[228],"It":[229],"also":[230],"72":[235],"actions/s":[236],"throughput,":[238],"18":[239],"faster":[246],"state":[249],"art.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}