{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396594798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2024.3384373","title":"Physical Layer Security Through Directional Modulation With Spatio-Temporal Millimeter-Wave Transmitter Arrays","display_name":"Physical Layer Security Through Directional Modulation With Spatio-Temporal Millimeter-Wave Transmitter Arrays","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396594798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2024.3384373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2024.3384373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2024.3384373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089909912","display_name":"Xuyang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6242-5093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuyang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6242-5093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062030072","display_name":"Suresh Venkatesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-3021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suresh Venkatesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-3021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048353057","display_name":"Bingjun Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5563-9504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingjun Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5563-9504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086851941","display_name":"Kaushik Sengupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-0248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Sengupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-0248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4231,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89052122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"9","first_page":"2831","last_page":"2847"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.6971139907836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6736880540847778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6714131236076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.485689252614975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.42558053135871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survivability","display_name":"Survivability","score":0.4175449013710022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4134019911289215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3393979072570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3033628463745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.27698570489883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.21446412801742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18745261430740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1404208242893219}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.6971139907836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6736880540847778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6714131236076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.485689252614975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.42558053135871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781133158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088669","display_name":"Survivability","level":2,"score":0.4175449013710022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4134019911289215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3393979072570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3033628463745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.27698570489883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.21446412801742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18745261430740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1404208242893219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2024.3384373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2024.3384373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493373313","https://openalex.org/W1965201738","https://openalex.org/W1966611890","https://openalex.org/W1968052665","https://openalex.org/W1983803598","https://openalex.org/W2015245354","https://openalex.org/W2033631794","https://openalex.org/W2054874314","https://openalex.org/W2096236228","https://openalex.org/W2102654676","https://openalex.org/W2103063389","https://openalex.org/W2119012490","https://openalex.org/W2151807636","https://openalex.org/W2436620493","https://openalex.org/W2558778358","https://openalex.org/W2566769952","https://openalex.org/W2613710471","https://openalex.org/W2765386727","https://openalex.org/W2766889259","https://openalex.org/W2891179635","https://openalex.org/W2896094378","https://openalex.org/W2897163310","https://openalex.org/W2898104747","https://openalex.org/W3010700488","https://openalex.org/W3015855422","https://openalex.org/W3121047872","https://openalex.org/W3198706615","https://openalex.org/W3217728647","https://openalex.org/W4235654507","https://openalex.org/W4247371679","https://openalex.org/W4293518048"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3026705917","https://openalex.org/W2516026999","https://openalex.org/W2155410265","https://openalex.org/W2769689807","https://openalex.org/W3121990887","https://openalex.org/W3166880716","https://openalex.org/W2959329152","https://openalex.org/W2904430835","https://openalex.org/W3193707396","https://openalex.org/W4287118701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"layer":[1],"security":[2,4],"incorporates":[3],"features":[5,126],"embedded":[6],"in":[7,19,87,95,101,156],"the":[8,12,33,49,63,88,102,111,117,143,148,150,165,187],"communication":[9],"channels":[10],"without":[11],"need":[13],"to":[14,32,52,60,123,141,189],"exchange":[15],"cryptographic":[16],"keys.":[17],"Interest":[18],"exploiting":[20],"such":[21,40],"mechanisms":[22],"has":[23],"been":[24],"increasing":[25],"rapidly":[26],"for":[27],"5G":[28],"and":[29,36,83,127,160],"beyond,":[30],"due":[31],"low":[34],"overhead":[35],"low-latency":[37],"properties":[38],"of":[39,48,72,167,186],"encoding.":[41],"Although":[42],"phased":[43],"arrays,":[44],"by":[45,97,145],"their":[46],"nature":[47],"focused":[50],"beams":[51],"users,":[53],"introduce":[54],"secrecy,":[55],"they":[56],"are":[57],"still":[58],"vulnerable":[59],"eavesdropping":[61],"at":[62],"sidelobes.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"article,":[67],"we":[68,163],"present":[69],"a":[70,107,131,183],"class":[71],"spatio-temporal":[73],"modulated":[74],"arrays":[75],"(STMAs)":[76],"with":[77,130],"custom":[78],"CMOS":[79],"integrated":[80],"circuits":[81],"(ICs)":[82],"packaged":[84],"antennas":[85],"operating":[86],"71\u201376-GHz":[89],"range":[90],"that":[91],"creates":[92],"secure":[93,112,151],"cones":[94],"space":[96,157],"preserving":[98],"signal":[99],"fidelity":[100],"intended":[103],"direction":[104],"while":[105],"emulating":[106],"time-varying":[108],"channel":[109],"outside":[110],"cone.":[113],"At":[114],"unintended":[115],"directions,":[116],"architecture":[118],"intentionally":[119],"spectrally":[120],"aliases":[121],"signals":[122],"create":[124,182],"noise-like":[125],"scrambles":[128],"constellations":[129],"one-to-many":[132],"mapping":[133,144,185],"(including":[134],"infinite":[135],"constellation":[136,188],"splitting),":[137],"making":[138],"it":[139],"challenging":[140],"invert":[142],"eavesdroppers.":[146],"Through":[147],"architecture,":[149],"cone":[152],"can":[153,181],"be":[154],"reconfigured":[155],"on":[158],"demand":[159],"narrowed":[161],"when":[162],"increase":[164],"number":[166],"elements.":[168],"We":[169],"also":[170],"show":[171],"how":[172],"reconfigurable":[173],"time":[174],"modulation":[175],"(such":[176],"as":[177],"through":[178],"frequency":[179],"chirping)":[180],"non-repetitive":[184],"protect":[190],"against":[191],"colluding":[192],"attacks.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}