{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385945683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3302791","title":"A 47-nW Voice Activity Detector (VAD) Featuring a Short-Time CNN Feature Extractor and an RNN-Based Classifier With a Non-Volatile CAP-ROM","display_name":"A 47-nW Voice Activity Detector (VAD) Featuring a Short-Time CNN Feature Extractor and an RNN-Based Classifier With a Non-Volatile CAP-ROM","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385945683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3302791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3302791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3302791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101499929","display_name":"Jinhai Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3584-5833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhai Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3584-5833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038010873","display_name":"Ka-Fai Un","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-4755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ka-Fai Un","raw_affiliation_strings":["State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-4755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090222712","display_name":"Wei-Han Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9079-5227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Han Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9079-5227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106943352","display_name":"Rui P. Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-648X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui P. Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-648X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058845450","display_name":"Pui\u2010In Mak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-8740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pui-In Mak","raw_affiliation_strings":["State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-8740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI/ Institute of Microelectronics and the Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7285,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84090351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"11","first_page":"3020","last_page":"3029"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7639100551605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.7584558725357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5750041007995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5644530057907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.45333346724510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4469701647758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4461560547351837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability","display_name":"Reconfigurability","score":0.41337817907333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.372300386428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36618107557296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3238368630409241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3112856149673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11317762732505798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1004684567451477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7639100551605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.7584558725357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5750041007995605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5644530057907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.45333346724510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4469701647758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4461560547351837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780149590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742","display_name":"Reconfigurability","level":2,"score":0.41337817907333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.372300386428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36618107557296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3238368630409241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3112856149673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11317762732505798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1004684567451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3302791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3302791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2662401458","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0160/2022/A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","funder_display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4297046900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SRG2021-00015-IME","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7206592585","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MYRG2020-00191-IME","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G809589119","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKL-AMSV(UM)-2023- 2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","funder_display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","display_name":"Universidade de Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/05vna4324"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536583098","https://openalex.org/W1990687242","https://openalex.org/W2013780045","https://openalex.org/W2099231065","https://openalex.org/W2123921960","https://openalex.org/W2132850350","https://openalex.org/W2133038824","https://openalex.org/W2147547264","https://openalex.org/W2159314323","https://openalex.org/W2294745040","https://openalex.org/W2695712842","https://openalex.org/W2766195687","https://openalex.org/W2944216546","https://openalex.org/W2963221280","https://openalex.org/W2973127906","https://openalex.org/W3005319366","https://openalex.org/W3108446354","https://openalex.org/W3112266032","https://openalex.org/W3158481788","https://openalex.org/W3178956316","https://openalex.org/W4295262505","https://openalex.org/W4312555112","https://openalex.org/W4360606428","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6850695082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544665014","https://openalex.org/W2748364266","https://openalex.org/W4243861219","https://openalex.org/W2953302367","https://openalex.org/W2945706271","https://openalex.org/W4387435415","https://openalex.org/W2114169842","https://openalex.org/W2535808783","https://openalex.org/W3183408266","https://openalex.org/W1941834444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"reports":[2],"an":[3],"area-and-power-efficient":[4],"voice":[5],"activity":[6],"detector":[7],"(VAD)":[8],"for":[9,154],"voice-control":[10],"edge":[11],"devices.":[12],"It":[13],"innovates":[14],"a":[15,22,29,127],"short-time":[16],"convolutional":[17],"neural":[18,24],"network":[19,25],"(ST-CNN)":[20],"and":[21,45,47,78,141],"recurrent":[23],"(RNN)-based":[26],"classifier.":[27],"Such":[28],"classifier":[30],"shortens":[31],"the":[32,36,58,66,71,75,84,87,96,104,111,115,133,151,155,171,174],"extraction":[33],"window":[34],"of":[35,57,95,150,173],"ST-CNN":[37],"while":[38,82],"reducing":[39],"its":[40],"signal":[41],"leakage,":[42],"detection":[43],"latency,":[44],"area":[46,142],"power":[48,138],"budgets.":[49],"The":[50,93],"RNN":[51],"also":[52,64],"aids":[53],"in":[54,123],"parameter":[55],"reduction":[56],"VAD":[59,85,105,122],"to":[60,160,167],"only":[61],"45.":[62],"We":[63],"propose":[65],"non-volatile":[67],"capacitor-ROM":[68],"(CAP-ROM)":[69],"as":[70],"weight":[72,88],"storage,":[73],"eliminating":[74],"volatile":[76],"memory":[77,80],"related":[79],"access":[81],"freeing":[83],"from":[86,158,165],"preloading":[89],"procedure":[90],"before":[91],"activation.":[92],"non-reconfigurability":[94],"CAP-ROM":[97],"is":[98,146],"acceptable":[99],"since":[100],"we":[101],"verify":[102],"that":[103],"does":[106],"not":[107],"strongly":[108],"depend":[109],"on":[110,132],"dataset.":[112],"Training":[113],"with":[114,136],"Google":[116],"speech":[117],"command":[118],"dataset":[119,135],"(GSCD),":[120],"our":[121],"65-nm":[124],"CMOS":[125],"exhibits":[126],"94%/91%":[128],"overall":[129],"hit":[130,152],"rate":[131,153],"GSCD/TIMIT":[134],"small":[137],"(47":[139],"nW)":[140],"(0.022":[143],"mm2).":[144],"There":[145],"no":[147],"significant":[148],"degradation":[149],"supply":[156],"voltage":[157],"0.9":[159],"1.3":[161],"V":[162],"or":[163],"temperature":[164],"0":[166],"60":[168],"\u00b0C,":[169],"substantiating":[170],"robustness":[172],"VAD.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
