{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387070976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3273238","title":"Neuro-CIM: ADC-Less Neuromorphic Computing-in-Memory Processor With Operation Gating/Stopping and Digital\u2013Analog Networks","display_name":"Neuro-CIM: ADC-Less Neuromorphic Computing-in-Memory Processor With Operation Gating/Stopping and Digital\u2013Analog Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387070976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3273238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3273238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3273238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748588","display_name":"Sangyeob Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-5296"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sangyeob Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-5296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748581","display_name":"Sangjin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6665-9973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangjin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6665-9973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074016364","display_name":"Soyeon Um","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8526-2047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soyeon Um","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8526-2047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350562","display_name":"Soyeon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7049-9191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soyeon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7049-9191","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048657794","display_name":"Kwantae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8962-4554"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwantae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Z&#x00FC;rich and ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8962-4554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Z&#x00FC;rich and ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077896259","display_name":"Hoi\u2010Jun Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-4879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoi-Jun Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-4879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100748588"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95751046,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"10","first_page":"2931","last_page":"2945"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability","display_name":"Reconfigurability","score":0.8533569574356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.8266358375549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6450755596160889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5615208148956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.515377938747406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparator","display_name":"Comparator","score":0.49271681904792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.46050187945365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4540482461452484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.43797680735588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3568928837776184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3388640284538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.33521080017089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.31225326657295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2036900818347931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2036527693271637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15912234783172607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780149590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742","display_name":"Reconfigurability","level":2,"score":0.8533569574356079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.8266358375549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6450755596160889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5615208148956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.515377938747406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155745195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164179","display_name":"Comparator","level":3,"score":0.49271681904792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.46050187945365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4540482461452484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.43797680735588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3568928837776184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3388640284538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.33521080017089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.31225326657295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2036900818347931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2036527693271637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15912234783172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3273238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3273238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:254262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/254262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kim, Sangyeob; Kim, Sangjin; Um, Soyeon; Kim, Soyeon; Kim, Kwantae; Yoo, Hoi-Jun  (2023). Neuro-CIM: ADC-Less Neuromorphic Computing-in-Memory Processor With Operation Gating/Stopping and Digital\u2013Analog Networks.  IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 58(10):2931-2945.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6815536168","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IO201207-07799-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","funder_display_name":"Samsung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2744357319","https://openalex.org/W2906048113","https://openalex.org/W2964338223","https://openalex.org/W2970059371","https://openalex.org/W2980812807","https://openalex.org/W2992556487","https://openalex.org/W3015432327","https://openalex.org/W3015655039","https://openalex.org/W3035644810","https://openalex.org/W3047826181","https://openalex.org/W3133754064","https://openalex.org/W3134304371","https://openalex.org/W3135701542","https://openalex.org/W3135835558","https://openalex.org/W3184281067","https://openalex.org/W3186962187","https://openalex.org/W3200729277","https://openalex.org/W4221166572","https://openalex.org/W4308089758","https://openalex.org/W4312081809","https://openalex.org/W6742422501","https://openalex.org/W6755927976","https://openalex.org/W6776372927","https://openalex.org/W6782262041","https://openalex.org/W6791211223","https://openalex.org/W6791836880","https://openalex.org/W6809739085","https://openalex.org/W6846397241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3185884061","https://openalex.org/W4285130502","https://openalex.org/W2922086473","https://openalex.org/W4306160827","https://openalex.org/W3036282139","https://openalex.org/W2897961390","https://openalex.org/W2952496929","https://openalex.org/W3089433719","https://openalex.org/W2997130091","https://openalex.org/W4387070976"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"highly":[1],"energy-efficient":[2],"neuromorphic":[3],"computing-in-memory":[4],"(Neuro-CIM)":[5],"processor":[6,232],"is":[7,162],"proposed":[8,230],"for":[9,113,147,155,194,214,249,252],"ultralow-power":[10],"deep":[11],"learning":[12],"applications.":[13],"Neuro-CIM":[14,65,161],"can":[15],"support":[16],"spiking":[17],"neural":[18],"network":[19,121],"(SNN)":[20],"to":[21,45],"eliminate":[22],"the":[23,38,76,79,91,106,132,137,170,176,229],"power":[24,51,83,100],"and":[25,57,81,84,108,116,150,168,191,199,202,211,219,225,240,246],"area":[26,85],"overhead":[27],"of":[28,78,182],"previous":[29],"CIM":[30,231],"processor.":[31],"The":[32,119,140],"sign":[33],"extended":[34],"bits":[35],"gating":[36],"reduces":[37],"bitline":[39],"(BL)":[40],"voltage":[41,123,138],"switching":[42],"rate":[43],"due":[44],"negative":[46],"small-magnitude":[47],"weights":[48],"allowing":[49],"38%":[50],"reduction":[52],"at":[53,59,222],"8-b":[54,220],"weight":[55,61,201,221,248],"condition":[56],"25%":[58],"4-b":[60,197,200,244],"condition.":[62],"In":[63,104],"addition,":[64,105],"replaces":[66],"high-precision":[67],"analog-to-digital":[68],"converter":[69],"(ADC)":[70],"with":[71,122,196,216,243],"1-b":[72,247],"comparator":[73],"by":[74,102,130],"exploiting":[75],"characteristic":[77],"SNN,":[80],"thus,":[82],"efficiencies":[86],"are":[87,111],"significantly":[88],"enhanced.":[89],"Furthermore,":[90],"early":[92],"stopping":[93],"scheme":[94,154],"terminates":[95],"unnecessary":[96],"neuronal":[97],"operations,":[98],"reducing":[99,156],"consumption":[101,179],"31%.":[103],"analog":[107,120],"digital":[109,141],"networks":[110],"integrated":[112],"high":[114,148],"reconfigurability":[115,149],"energy":[117,178],"efficiency.":[118],"folding":[124],"circuit":[125],"enables":[126],"accurate":[127],"analog-domain":[128],"aggregation":[129],"increasing":[131],"dynamic":[133],"range":[134],"without":[135],"compromising":[136],"resolution.":[139],"network-in-memory":[142],"supports":[143],"input\u2013output":[144],"channel":[145],"extension":[146],"input":[151,157,198,218,245],"data":[152],"reuse":[153],"memory":[158],"(IMEM)":[159],"access.":[160],"fabricated":[163],"in":[164],"28-nm":[165],"CMOS":[166],"technology":[167],"occupies":[169],"2.9-mm2":[171],"die":[172],"area.":[173],"It":[174],"achieves":[175,233],"state-of-the-art":[177],"per":[180,237],"classification":[181],"0.72":[183],"<inline-formula":[184,204],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[185,205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[186,206],"<tex-math":[187,207],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu":[188,208],"\\text{J}$":[189,209],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[190,210],"92.1%":[192],"accuracy":[193,213,242],"CIFAR-10":[195],"372.2":[203],"65.8%":[212],"ImageNet":[215],"6-b":[217],"200":[223],"MHz,":[224],"1.1-V":[226],"conditions.":[227],"Moreover,":[228],"310.37":[234],"tera":[235],"operations":[236],"second/watt":[238],"(TOPS/W)":[239],"90.7%":[241],"Canadian":[250],"Institute":[251],"Advanced":[253],"Research,":[254],"10":[255],"classes":[256],"(CIFAR-10)":[257],"classification.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T08:33:51.333923","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}