{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321608139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3244942","title":"Design of a 10.56-Gb/s 64-QAM Polar Transmitter at 60 GHz in 28-nm CMOS","display_name":"Design of a 10.56-Gb/s 64-QAM Polar Transmitter at 60 GHz in 28-nm CMOS","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321608139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3244942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3244942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3244942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043331301","display_name":"Johan Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8067-6566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johan Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium","Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8067-6566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008889108","display_name":"Khaled Khalaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0063-0120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Khalaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium","Pharrowtech, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharrowtech, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027579142","display_name":"Xinyan Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-5279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium","Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium","Hisilicon, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-5279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hisilicon, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055975576","display_name":"S. Brebels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1568-0286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Brebels","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1568-0286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011383128","display_name":"Kristof Vaesen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-3593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristof Vaesen","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090150022","display_name":"Mithlesh Shrivas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-2059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mithlesh Shrivas","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-2059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059069030","display_name":"Piet Wambacq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-7257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piet Wambacq","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium","Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-7257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043331301"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542","https://openalex.org/I4210114974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8943,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72662789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"8","first_page":"2189","last_page":"2201"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.8004615306854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.7129903435707092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","score":0.6574821472167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6000601649284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qam","display_name":"QAM","score":0.5944002270698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5628697872161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","score":0.45394188165664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4449305236339569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-transmitter-design","display_name":"Radio transmitter design","score":0.4344080984592438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjacent-channel","display_name":"Adjacent channel","score":0.4313163161277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4299923777580261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.41649556159973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.35922956466674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35497575998306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31662407517433167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.24523484706878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.21936318278312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.17812857031822205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.8004615306854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.7129903435707092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.6574821472167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6000601649284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59030546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7265371","display_name":"QAM","level":5,"score":0.5944002270698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5628697872161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201905106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183755","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.45394188165664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4449305236339569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142031617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105437","display_name":"Radio transmitter design","level":4,"score":0.4344080984592438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776908912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16001834","display_name":"Adjacent channel","level":4,"score":0.4313163161277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4299923777580261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.41649556159973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.35922956466674805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35497575998306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31662407517433167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.24523484706878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.21936318278312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.17812857031822205}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3244942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3244942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552964617","https://openalex.org/W1970402152","https://openalex.org/W2046836658","https://openalex.org/W2119959167","https://openalex.org/W2290690230","https://openalex.org/W2344959687","https://openalex.org/W2589646279","https://openalex.org/W2769848399","https://openalex.org/W2793334130","https://openalex.org/W2807122255","https://openalex.org/W2890250854","https://openalex.org/W2959445744","https://openalex.org/W2964876025","https://openalex.org/W2970628702","https://openalex.org/W2981823839","https://openalex.org/W2981919357","https://openalex.org/W3002108558","https://openalex.org/W3007294621","https://openalex.org/W3010898613","https://openalex.org/W6642928900","https://openalex.org/W6696817895","https://openalex.org/W6749609235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1619050321","https://openalex.org/W2243394282","https://openalex.org/W4285164413","https://openalex.org/W3210807849","https://openalex.org/W2024147975","https://openalex.org/W2107237809","https://openalex.org/W2098299857","https://openalex.org/W2164531968","https://openalex.org/W2392468325","https://openalex.org/W2135814299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Improving":[0],"the":[1,23,78,156,162],"energy":[2],"efficiency":[3,24,200],"of":[4,122,177,193,201,221],"wireless":[5],"communication":[6],"transmitters":[7],"is":[8,51,109,213],"an":[9,102,134,147,168],"increasingly":[10],"important":[11],"target":[12],"now":[13],"that":[14,30,44,66],"millimeter-wave":[15],"(mm-wave)":[16],"frequencies":[17],"are":[18,165],"being":[19],"used.":[20],"To":[21],"improve":[22],"compared":[25],"with":[26,146,215],"classical":[27],"transmit":[28],"architectures":[29],"use":[31],"a":[32,41,54,63,99,117,123,174,180,197,232],"class":[33],"A/AB":[34],"power":[35,175,183],"amplifier":[36],"(PA),":[37],"we":[38],"propose":[39],"here":[40],"polar":[42,86,113],"transmitter":[43,50,87,227],"operates":[45],"around":[46],"60":[47],"GHz.":[48,205],"This":[49,60,111],"based":[52],"on":[53],"radio":[55],"frequency":[56],"digital-to-analog":[57],"converter":[58],"(RF-DAC).":[59],"RF-DAC":[61],"uses":[62],"switching":[64],"scheme":[65],"greatly":[67,76],"reduces":[68],"signal":[69,80,209],"leakage":[70],"via":[71],"disabled":[72],"unit":[73],"cells":[74],"which":[75],"improves":[77],"output":[79,182],"quality.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83,85],"way,":[84],"can":[88],"process":[89],"higher":[90],"order":[91],"modulation":[92,132,153],"schemes":[93],"at":[94,203,210],"mm-wave":[95,112],"frequencies,":[96],"such":[97],"as":[98],"64-QAM,":[100],"where":[101],"excellent":[103],"error":[104],"vector":[105],"magnitude":[106],"(EVM)":[107],"specification":[108],"required.":[110],"transmitter,":[114],"prototyped":[115],"in":[116],"28-nm":[118],"CMOS":[119],"technology,":[120],"consists":[121],"digital":[124],"PA":[125],"(DPA)":[126],"using":[127,139],"7-bit":[128,141],"RF-DACs":[129],"for":[130,151,161],"amplitude":[131,157],"(AM),and":[133],"active":[135],"phase":[136,152,159],"shifter":[137],"(PS)":[138],"two":[140],"variable":[142],"gain":[143,176],"amplifiers":[144],"(VGAs)":[145],"in-phase":[148],"quadrature":[149],"(IQ)-hybrid":[150],"(PM).":[154],"All":[155],"and":[158,196,218,223],"samples":[160],"RF":[163],"core":[164,217],"accessed":[166],"from":[167,231],"on-chip":[169],"memory.":[170],"Static":[171],"measurements":[172],"show":[173],"21.5":[178],"dB,":[179],"saturated":[181],"(":[184],"<inline-formula":[185],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[186],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[187],"<tex-math":[188],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$P_{\\text":[189],"{sat}}$":[190],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[191],")":[192],"12.6":[194],"dBm,":[195],"peak":[198],"drain":[199],"25.9%":[202],"64":[204],"A":[206],"10.56-Gb/s":[207],"64-QAM":[208],"\u221227.8-dB":[211],"EVM":[212],"demonstrated":[214],"measured":[216],"system":[219],"efficiencies":[220],"8.5%":[222],"3.9%,":[224],"respectively.":[225],"The":[226],"consumes":[228],"159-mA":[229],"current":[230],"0.9-V":[233],"supply.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
