{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318822764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3239406","title":"GalEPR: A Galvanically Coupled Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer for Deep Tissue Hypoxia Diagnosis","display_name":"GalEPR: A Galvanically Coupled Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer for Deep Tissue Hypoxia Diagnosis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318822764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3239406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3239406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3239406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038264329","display_name":"Luya Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7291-5360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153776","display_name":"Apple (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059hsda18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luya Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039764227","display_name":"Ali M. Niknejad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-9791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali M. Niknejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038264329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86808086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"4","first_page":"1015","last_page":"1024"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12381","display_name":"Electron Spin Resonance Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12381","display_name":"Electron Spin Resonance Studies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-paramagnetic-resonance","display_name":"Electron paramagnetic resonance","score":0.8071610927581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrometer","display_name":"Spectrometer","score":0.7056851983070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.5002751350402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-magnetic-resonance","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","score":0.46907514333724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.4276798665523529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.41505396366119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.39415132999420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2929074764251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.20578020811080933}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187961010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q260463","display_name":"Electron paramagnetic resonance","level":2,"score":0.8071610927581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33390570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188463","display_name":"Spectrometer","level":2,"score":0.7056851983070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.5002751350402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.46907514333724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.4276798665523529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.41505396366119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.39415132999420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2929074764251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.20578020811080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2023.3239406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2023.3239406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5564798151","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1608958","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583855207","https://openalex.org/W1977739121","https://openalex.org/W2012653860","https://openalex.org/W2027334515","https://openalex.org/W2034525900","https://openalex.org/W2042989556","https://openalex.org/W2097406868","https://openalex.org/W2102423385","https://openalex.org/W2102596261","https://openalex.org/W2115671655","https://openalex.org/W2146167262","https://openalex.org/W2146456549","https://openalex.org/W2158639810","https://openalex.org/W2323751645","https://openalex.org/W2517632674","https://openalex.org/W2782399221","https://openalex.org/W2790142559","https://openalex.org/W2790547683","https://openalex.org/W2896622475","https://openalex.org/W2898624162","https://openalex.org/W2943319609","https://openalex.org/W2992822164","https://openalex.org/W3000233871","https://openalex.org/W3015611500","https://openalex.org/W3095082915","https://openalex.org/W3103829156","https://openalex.org/W3128424737","https://openalex.org/W3132788030","https://openalex.org/W4205761711","https://openalex.org/W4220813364","https://openalex.org/W4221109503","https://openalex.org/W4286571753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082337540","https://openalex.org/W1981011544","https://openalex.org/W2084916282","https://openalex.org/W1585447513","https://openalex.org/W1654479263","https://openalex.org/W1516735584","https://openalex.org/W4295266695","https://openalex.org/W2020071497","https://openalex.org/W1994875143","https://openalex.org/W2116469879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,56,74],"galvanically":[4,60],"coupled":[5,61],"electron":[6],"paramagnetic":[7],"resonance":[8],"spectrometer":[9,95],"(GalEPR)":[10],"for":[11],"deep":[12],"tissue":[13,38],"oximetry":[14],"and":[15,32,48,68],"hypoxia":[16,114],"diagnosis.":[17],"Current":[18],"in":[19,112],"vivo":[20],"EPR":[21,82],"spectroscopy":[22],"directly":[23],"trades":[24],"between":[25],"the":[26,33,63],"operation":[27],"frequency":[28],"(equivalent":[29],"to":[30,37,44,65,70],"sensitivity)":[31],"penetration":[34],"depth":[35],"due":[36],"absorption.":[39],"Prior":[40],"art":[41],"is":[42,59,84],"limited":[43],"1.2":[45],"GHz/15":[46],"mm":[47,99],"9":[49],"GHz/2":[50],"mm.":[51],"To":[52],"address":[53],"this":[54],"issue,":[55],"30-MHz":[57],"clock":[58],"through":[62],"body":[64],"minimize":[66],"attenuation":[67],"up-converted":[69],"14":[71,97],"GHz":[72],"by":[73,86],"low-power":[75,89],"subsampling":[76],"phase":[77],"locked":[78],"loop":[79],"(SSPLL).":[80],"The":[81,92],"spectrum":[83],"measured":[85],"an":[87,111],"ultrasensitive":[88],"inductor":[90],"sensor.":[91],"proposed":[93],"GalEPR":[94],"demonstrates":[96],"GHz/50":[98],"frequency/depth":[100],"(10":[101],"<inline-formula":[102],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[103],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[104],"<tex-math":[105],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times":[106],"$":[107],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[108],"better)":[109],"with":[110],"vitro":[113],"detection":[115],"experiment.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
