{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285278781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2022.3183163","title":"A 4 \u00d7 4 Steerable 14-dBm EIRP Array on CMOS at 0.41 THz With a 2-D Distributed Oscillator Network","display_name":"A 4 \u00d7 4 Steerable 14-dBm EIRP Array on CMOS at 0.41 THz With a 2-D Distributed Oscillator Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285278781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2022.3183163"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2022.3183163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2022.3183163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007930379","display_name":"Hooman Saeidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-3872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hooman Saeidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062030072","display_name":"Suresh Venkatesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-3021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suresh Venkatesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055127970","display_name":"Chandrakanth Reddy Chappidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4350-1185"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandrakanth Reddy Chappidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Danger Devices, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Danger Devices, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037419104","display_name":"Tushar Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5145-3518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75636454","display_name":"Renesas Electronics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/014775w70","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153176","https://openalex.org/I75636454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tushar Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Renesas Electronics Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Renesas Electronics Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75636454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075090925","display_name":"Chengjie Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7733-6245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengjie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086851941","display_name":"Kaushik Sengupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-0248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Sengupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007930379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.026,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8655915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"10","first_page":"3125","last_page":"3138"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.7016950845718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6464281678199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5730293989181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48108479380607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/varicap","display_name":"Varicap","score":0.45422106981277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.43635275959968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.40793031454086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3972938060760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.34286928176879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2924291491508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2749002277851105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21410465240478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21366947889328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.12096160650253296}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.7016950845718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6464281678199768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5730293989181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48108479380607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15485314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467463","display_name":"Varicap","level":4,"score":0.45422106981277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.43635275959968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.40793031454086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3972938060760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.34286928176879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2924291491508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2749002277851105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21410465240478516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21366947889328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.12096160650253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2022.3183163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2022.3183163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522062730","https://openalex.org/W1605743514","https://openalex.org/W1987776763","https://openalex.org/W1994297984","https://openalex.org/W2016167819","https://openalex.org/W2038006852","https://openalex.org/W2050156220","https://openalex.org/W2064881477","https://openalex.org/W2082922948","https://openalex.org/W2086015247","https://openalex.org/W2128446515","https://openalex.org/W2140954894","https://openalex.org/W2153254282","https://openalex.org/W2172772306","https://openalex.org/W2431742856","https://openalex.org/W2533667323","https://openalex.org/W2592215232","https://openalex.org/W2734740209","https://openalex.org/W2775205161","https://openalex.org/W2795868295","https://openalex.org/W2900196962","https://openalex.org/W2903983414","https://openalex.org/W2904145608","https://openalex.org/W2949908644","https://openalex.org/W2959721000","https://openalex.org/W2963482420","https://openalex.org/W2965311803","https://openalex.org/W2983479669","https://openalex.org/W3003295559","https://openalex.org/W3014636329","https://openalex.org/W3015270555","https://openalex.org/W3015426490","https://openalex.org/W3015526100","https://openalex.org/W3015662525","https://openalex.org/W3015855422","https://openalex.org/W3022290858","https://openalex.org/W3113108189","https://openalex.org/W3113231815","https://openalex.org/W3133585917","https://openalex.org/W3134442594","https://openalex.org/W3169129847","https://openalex.org/W3196575122","https://openalex.org/W3203621179","https://openalex.org/W3207361103","https://openalex.org/W3217728647","https://openalex.org/W4246105043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062881472","https://openalex.org/W2498090544","https://openalex.org/W2955171543","https://openalex.org/W2754048597","https://openalex.org/W1603773331","https://openalex.org/W2048204943","https://openalex.org/W2136900323","https://openalex.org/W2033952283","https://openalex.org/W2020233054","https://openalex.org/W2088007889"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Terahertz":[0],"(THz)":[1],"beamforming":[2,173,226],"arrays":[3],"are":[4,165],"critical":[5],"to":[6,22,33,39,61,146],"address":[7,62],"emerging":[8],"applications":[9],"in":[10,179,193,215,230],"wireless":[11],"communication,":[12],"sensing,":[13],"and":[14,46,54,71,109,124,127,152,162,172,239],"imaging.":[15],"Enabling":[16],"such":[17,37],"architectures,":[18],"particularly":[19],"with":[20,203,224],"respect":[21],"synchronization":[23,144],"of":[24,36,41,81,86,101,121,140,143,209,228],"distributed":[25],"radiating":[26,163],"THz":[27,58,68,76,170,214],"sources,":[28],"is":[29,174],"very":[30],"challenging":[31],"due":[32,145],"the":[34,98,113,134,138,154,168,180,190,225],"sensitivity":[35],"synchronizations":[38],"variations":[40,148],"process,":[42],"voltage,":[43],"temperature":[44],"(PVT),":[45],"device":[47,150],"mismatches.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,82],"article,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53],"demonstrate":[55,189],"a":[56,87,106,194,216,220],"multi-layer":[57,83],"array":[59,202],"architecture":[60,192],"robust":[63,107],"frequency":[64,100,108,156,160],"synthesis,":[65],"optimal":[66],"harmonic":[67],"power":[69,207],"generation,":[70],"scalable":[72,88],"phase":[73,110],"generation":[74],"for":[75],"beamforming.":[77],"The":[78],"bottom-most":[79],"layer":[80],"network":[84],"consists":[85],"2-D":[89,135,169],"negative":[90],"transconductance":[91],"(\u2212Gm)":[92],"cells":[93],"that":[94],"collectively":[95],"oscillates":[96],"at":[97,212],"center":[99],"69.3":[102],"GHz,":[103],"thereby":[104],"establishing":[105],"distribution":[111],"across":[112,167],"entire":[114],"chip.":[115],"By":[116],"eliminating":[117],"independent":[118],"oscillation":[119],"capability":[120,227],"each":[122],"node":[123],"merging":[125],"resonator":[126],"coupling":[128],"structures":[129],"into":[130],"one":[131],"single":[132],"network,":[133],"mesh":[136],"removes":[137],"possibility":[139],"moving":[141],"out":[142],"PVT":[147],"or":[149],"mismatches":[151],"forms":[153],"underlying":[155],"synthesis":[157],"layer.":[158],"Local":[159],"multiplication":[161],"elements":[164],"placed":[166],"array,":[171],"enabled":[175],"through":[176],"varactor":[177],"control":[178],"<inline-formula":[181,195,232,240],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[182,196,233,241],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[183,197,234,242],"<tex-math":[184,198,235,243],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$-G_{m}$":[185],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[186,201,237,245],"cells.":[187],"We":[188],"proposed":[191],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4\\,\\times":[199],"\\,4$":[200],"effective":[204],"isotropic":[205],"radiation":[206],"(EIRP)":[208],"+14":[210],"dBm":[211],"0.416":[213],"lensless":[217],"setup":[218],"using":[219],"65-nm":[221],"CMOS":[222],"process":[223],"\u00b130\u00b0":[229],"both":[231],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${E}$":[236],"-":[238],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${H}$":[244],"-planes.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}