{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221155487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2022.3178798","title":"Multi-Mode Spatial Signal Processor With Rainbow-Like Fast Beam Training and Wideband Communications Using True-Time-Delay Arrays","display_name":"Multi-Mode Spatial Signal Processor With Rainbow-Like Fast Beam Training and Wideband Communications Using True-Time-Delay Arrays","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221155487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2022.3178798"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2022.3178798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2022.3178798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065235694","display_name":"Chung-Ching Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-9062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Ching Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-9062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044307058","display_name":"Chase Puglisi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chase Puglisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001614836","display_name":"Veljko Boljanovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5660-4688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veljko Boljanovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5660-4688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015181187","display_name":"Yan Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-1335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-1335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043213695","display_name":"Erfan Ghaderi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-8048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erfan Ghaderi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-8048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041164605","display_name":"Jayce Jeron Gaddis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayce Gaddis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080141955","display_name":"Qiuyan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5487-0971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuyan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5487-0971","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023950645","display_name":"Sreeni Poolakkal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-559X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreeni Poolakkal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008128583","display_name":"Danijela \u010cabri\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5967-2683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danijela Cabric","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054523682","display_name":"Subhanshu Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4754-3451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhanshu Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4754-3451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065235694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85644652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"11","first_page":"3348","last_page":"3360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/true-time-delay","display_name":"True time delay","score":0.6493873596191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5879932045936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.5724616050720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5148217082023621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.4748920500278473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4655125141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleaving","display_name":"Interleaving","score":0.43248796463012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43050575256347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array","display_name":"Phased array","score":0.343614399433136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28019726276397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27513715624809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.274209201335907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779816760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365988","display_name":"True time delay","level":4,"score":0.6493873596191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5879932045936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.5724616050720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5148217082023621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.4748920500278473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4655125141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28034677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092530","display_name":"Interleaving","level":2,"score":0.43248796463012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43050575256347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.343614399433136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28019726276397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27513715624809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.274209201335907}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jssc.2022.3178798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2022.3178798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133468046","https://openalex.org/W1515135833","https://openalex.org/W1648307515","https://openalex.org/W2017013043","https://openalex.org/W2057367539","https://openalex.org/W2099432139","https://openalex.org/W2103474482","https://openalex.org/W2111322952","https://openalex.org/W2122783837","https://openalex.org/W2143058502","https://openalex.org/W2159842051","https://openalex.org/W2175250124","https://openalex.org/W2180407616","https://openalex.org/W2539324631","https://openalex.org/W2618546898","https://openalex.org/W2626137714","https://openalex.org/W2887697691","https://openalex.org/W2903551423","https://openalex.org/W2910052007","https://openalex.org/W2913917836","https://openalex.org/W2964745453","https://openalex.org/W2970628702","https://openalex.org/W2982322901","https://openalex.org/W2993361693","https://openalex.org/W3018998204","https://openalex.org/W3046022147","https://openalex.org/W3046991405","https://openalex.org/W3091665698","https://openalex.org/W3104196352","https://openalex.org/W3112161846","https://openalex.org/W3116149637","https://openalex.org/W3117490831","https://openalex.org/W3127477746","https://openalex.org/W3137062190","https://openalex.org/W3207361103","https://openalex.org/W3210406774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2763395582","https://openalex.org/W1572523746","https://openalex.org/W1989454727","https://openalex.org/W2147393262","https://openalex.org/W2007491870","https://openalex.org/W1583278841","https://openalex.org/W903647768","https://openalex.org/W2367105802","https://openalex.org/W2021885215","https://openalex.org/W1490212248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Initial":[0],"access":[1],"in":[2,21,28,149,159,167],"millimeter-wave":[3],"(mmW)":[4],"wireless":[5,15],"is":[6,71,102,165,190],"critical":[7],"toward":[8],"successful":[9],"realization":[10],"of":[11,26,123,127,138,173,188,198],"the":[12,89,112,128,150,160],"fifth-generation":[13],"(5G)":[14],"networks":[16],"and":[17,24,60,96,115,144],"beyond.":[18],"Limited":[19],"bandwidth":[20,76,81],"existing":[22],"standards":[23,39],"use":[25],"phase-shifters":[27],"analog/hybrid":[29],"phased-antenna":[30],"arrays":[31],"(PAAs)":[32],"are":[33],"not":[34],"suited":[35],"for":[36,125,192],"these":[37],"emerging":[38],"demanding":[40],"low-latency":[41],"direction":[42],"finding.":[43],"This":[44],"work":[45],"proposes":[46],"a":[47,78,135,196],"reconfigurable":[48],"true-time-delay":[49],"(TTD)-based":[50],"spatial":[51],"signal":[52,84],"processor":[53],"(SSP)":[54],"with":[55,77,154,170],"frequency-division":[56],"beam":[57,151],"training":[58,152],"methodology":[59],"wideband":[61],"beam-squint":[62],"less":[63],"data":[64],"communications.":[65],"Discrete-time":[66],"delay":[67,136],"compensated":[68],"clocking":[69],"technique":[70],"used":[72],"to":[73],"support":[74],"800-MHz":[75],"large":[79],"unity-gain":[80],"ring-amplifier":[82],"(RAMP)-based":[83],"combiner.":[85],"To":[86],"extensively":[87],"characterize":[88],"proposed":[90],"SSP":[91,94,133,164],"across":[92],"different":[93],"modes":[95],"frequency\u2013angle":[97],"pairs,":[98],"an":[99,171,183],"automated":[100],"testbed":[101],"developed":[103],"using":[104],"computer":[105],"vision":[106],"techniques":[107],"that":[108],"significantly":[109],"speeds":[110],"up":[111],"testing":[113],"progress":[114],"minimizes":[116],"possible":[117],"human":[118],"errors.":[119],"Using":[120],"seven":[121],"levels":[122],"time-interleaving":[124],"each":[126],"four":[129],"antenna":[130],"elements,":[131],"TTD":[132],"has":[134],"range":[137],"3.8":[139],"ns":[140],"over":[141],"800":[142],"MHz":[143],"achieves":[145],"unique":[146],"frequency-to-angle":[147],"mapping":[148],"mode":[153],"nearly":[155],"12-dB":[156],"frequency-independent":[157],"gain":[158],"beamforming":[161],"mode.":[162],"The":[163],"prototyped":[166],"65-nm":[168],"CMOS":[169],"area":[172],"1.98":[174],"mm2":[175],"consuming":[176],"only":[177],"29":[178],"mW":[179],"excluding":[180],"buffers.":[181],"Furthermore,":[182],"error":[184],"vector":[185],"magnitude":[186],"(EVM)":[187],"7.3%":[189],"realized":[191],"16-QAM":[193],"modulation":[194],"at":[195],"speed":[197],"614.4":[199],"Mb/s.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}